Acta Physica Sinica (Chinese version) resumed its publication in January 1974, after an unplanned suspension of publication for seven and half years. This paper presents some reminiscences about this event, including some background stories as well as the hard and passionate work of elderly generations of Chinese physicists.

My scientific career has been closely associated with Acta Physica Sinica, receiving from her forceful support at crucial moments, with deep gratitude. My maiden work opening up independent exploration is still widely cited in frontier research after 60 years; the up-to-date frontier calculations, surviving disruptions and isolation during the “cultural revolution” have laid down the ground for the international scientific exchange after reforms and opening up.

Ion trap is one of the leading physical platforms to implement quantum computation. Currently, high-fidelity elementary quantum operations above the fault-tolerant threshold, including state preparation, measurement and universal gates, have been demonstrated for tens of ionic qubits. One important future research direction is to further enlarge the qubit number to the scale required for solving practical problems while maintaining the high performance of individual qubits. This paper introduces the current mainstream schemes for scalable ion trap quantum computation like quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) and ion-photon quantum network, and describes the main limiting factors in current research. Then we further explore new schemes to scale up the qubit number like two-dimensional ion crystals and dual-type qubit, and discuss the future research directions.

Combining quantum many-body physics and nonequilibrium physics is an important opportunity and challenge for current physics research. Nonequilibrium quantum many-body physics is not only a subject of common interest to many branches of physics but also an indispensable theoretical foundation for developing emergent quantum technologies. Cold atom system provides an ideal platform for studying nonequilibrium quantum many-body physics. The advantages of cold atom system, as well as other synthetic quantum systems, are reflected in studying various nonequilibrium processes such as the thermalization of isolated system, dissipation induced by coupling to the environment, ramping, quench, or periodically driving physical parameters of a system. In this work, three examples from our research are discussed to show how the study of nonequilibrium quantum many-body physics with cold atoms can help us go beyond the existing framework of topological physics, uncover new methods of detecting quantum many-body correlations, and enrich the physical content of gauge theory. Such a research concerns the fundamental properties of quantum many-body system, such as topology and correlation, utilizes the advantages of cold atomic system to achieve a quantitative comparison between theory and experiment, and aims at discovering universal physical rules for nonequilibrium quantum many-body process, which can be extended to condensed matter and nuclear matter systems.

Lithium niobate, known as one of the most widely used nonlinear optical crystals, has recently received significant attention from both academia and industrial circles. The surge in interest can be attributed to the commercial availability of thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) wafers and the rapid advancements in nanofabrication techniques. A milestone was achieved in 2020 with the successful fabrication of wafer-scale TFLN photonic integrated circuits, which paved the way for mass-producible and cost-effective manufacturing of TFLN-based products.At present, the majority of research on TFLN photonic integrated devices focuses on light manipulation, i.e. field modulation and frequency conversion. The electro-optic, acousto-optic, photo-elastic and piezo-electric effects of lithium niobate are harnessed to modulate the amplitude, phase and frequency of light. The second-order and third-order nonlinearities of lithium niobate enable frequency conversion processes, which leads to the development of frequency converters, optical frequency combs, and supercontinuum generation devices. These exceptional optical properties of lithium niobate enable the electromagnetic wave to manipulate covering from radio-frequency to terahertz, infrared, and visible bands. Using the outstanding performance of TFLN photonic integrated devices, including remarkable modulation rate, wide operation bandwidth, efficient nonlinear frequency conversion, and low power consumption, diverse applications, such as spanning optical information processing, laser ranging, optical frequency combs, microwave optics, precision measurement, quantum optics, and quantum computing, are demonstrated.Additionally, it is reported that TFLN-based lasers and amplifiers have made remarkable progress, and both optical and electrical pumps are available. These achievements include combining gain materials, such as rare-earth ions or heterostructures, with III-V semiconductors. The integration of low-dimensional materials or absorptive metals with TFLN can also realize TFLN-based detectors. These significant developments expand the potential applications of TFLN photonic integrated devices, thus paving the way for monolithic TFLN chips.The versatility and high performances of TFLN photonic integrated devices have made revolutionary progress in these fields, opening up new possibilities for cutting-edge technologies and their practical implementations. In this point of view, we briefly introduce the development of TFLN nanofabricationn technology. Subsequently, we review the latest progress of TFLN photonic integrated devices, including lasers, functional nonlinear optical devices, and detectors. Finally, we discuss the future development directions and potential ways of TFLN photonics.

Floquet engineering based on the strong light-matter interaction is expected to drive quantum materials into nonequilibrium states on an ultrafast timescale, thereby engineering their electronic structure and physical properties, and achieving novel physical effects which have no counterpart in equilibrium states. In recent years, Floquet engineering has attracted a lot of research interest, and there have been numerous rich theoretical predictions. In addition, important experimental research progress has also been made in several representative materials such as topological insulators, graphene, and black phosphorus. Herein, we briefly introduce the important theoretical and experimental progress in this field, and prospect the research future, experimental challenges, and development directions.

In this paper, the development of surface physics in China is comprehensively reviewed, focusing on the State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It especially recognizes and honors the invaluable contributions made by the older generation of scientists in this field. By looking back at the history, it can be seen that the surface physics has developed vigorously in China: not only have many research papers with international advanced level been published, but also a large number of young talents have been cultivated, who have become an important force in the research of condensed matter physics internationally.

The competition and cooperation between the itinerancy behavior and localization behavior of electrons in correlated quantum materials, known as Mott physics, is the physical mechanism behind the diverse states of many quantum materials. This article reviews the manifestation of Mott physics in various quantum materials and establishes it as one of the main themes of quantum materials. Finding and understanding its ever-changing ways of manifestation is one of the central tasks of experimental research on condensed matter physics.Specifically, the filling-control route of Mott transition is illustrated by exampling the surface K-dosed Sr2IrO4, which exhibits d-wave gap, pseudogap behavior in underdoped regime, and phase separation with inhomogeneous electronic state distribution. All of these show strong resemblances to the doped cuprate superconductors, another prototypical filling-control type of Mott transition case. On the other hand, the bandwidth-control route of Mott transition could be found in NiS2–xSex, where its bandwidth continuously decreases with decreasing Se concentration, until it becomes an insulator. In addition, the essence of various ways of doping in iron-based superconductors is to change their bandwidths. The superconductivity shows up at intermediate bandwidth with moderate correlations, and it diminishes when the bandwidth is large and the electron correlations are weak. For heavily electron-doped iron-selenides, there is even a Mott insulator phase with strong correlations.For carbon based materials, the phase transition between the antiferromagnetic insulator and superconducting state of A15 Cs3C60 as the volume of fullerene anions decreases could be understood in terms of a bandwidth-control Mott transition; the insulator-superconductor transition discovered in electrically gated “magic angle” twisted-angle bilayer graphene could be understood as a filling-control Mott transition.For f electron systems, the interplay between itinerancy and localization dominates the heavy fermion behavior and their ground states. The behaviors of the f electrons are demonstrated by using the angle-resolved photoemission data of CeCoIn5, whose f electron band becomes more coherent with decreasing temperature, and the c-f hybridization is thus enhanced and the band mass of conduction band continuously increases. The c-f hybridization behaviors of CeCoIn5, CeIrIn5, and CeRhIn5 are compared with each other, and the differences in hybridization strength put their ground states into different regimes of the Doniach phase diagram. Similarly, the Skutterudites 4f2 Kondo lattice system PrOs4Sb12 and its sibling 4f1 system CeOs4Sb12 also have different ground states due to a slight difference in their c-f hybridization strengths.

In van der Waals system, the interlayer van der Waals coupling between adjacent atomically thin layers makes the electronic wave function spread on more than one specific layer, turning spatial discrete layer degree of freedom into a quantum mechanical degree of freedom. The coupling of layer degree of freedom with the in-plane center-of-mass motion of electrons forms a nontrivial layer pseudospin structure in momentum space, resulting in various new quantum geometric properties in an extended parameter space, which is unique to the lattice mismatched van der Waals systems. They trigger off a plenty of novel transport and optical effects, linear and nonlinear responses, and offer new pathways towards device applications, becoming the research frontiers of quantum layertronics. This article briefly reviews this emerging research direction, and discusses possible development in the near future based on its crossing with other intensive research fields such as nonlinear electronics, twistronics and chiral electronics.

The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of superconductor is related intimately to multiple degree of freedom of charge, spin, orbital and lattice. Many studies have indicated that pressure is an effective way to tune Tc though changing crystal structure and electronic structure. Here, we report a new progress made in the high-pressure studies – discovery of a new type of superconductors whose Tc is robust against large volume shrinkage under extremely high pressure, named RSAVS (robust superconductivity against volume shrinkage) superconductor. Such RSAVS behavior was observed initially in the high entropy alloys of (TaNb)0.67(HfZrTi)0.33 and (ScZrNbTa)0.6(RhPd)0.4, then in the widely-used NbTi alloy, Nb and Ta elements. Analysis shows that this type of superconductor possesses a body-centered cubic crystal structure and is composed of transition metal elements. The observed results not only present new research topics but also raise the question of what determines Tc of conventional or unconventional superconductors.

To tunnel, or not to tunnel, that is the question for a Josephson junction constructed by superconductors with unidentified pairing symmetry. Theoretically, Josephson tunneling is forbidden between two d-wave superconductors twisted by 45°. This is in sharp contrast to persistent tunneling between two s-wave superconductors. Experimentally, however, Josephson tunneling is observed in twisted bicrystalline cuprates at around 45°, against the expectation that cuprate superconductors possess d-wave pairing. Due to technical uncertainties, the early studies on twisted bulk cuprates were not widely recognized. The recent advent of van der Waals stacking has allowed a fresh look at this problem. Indeed, twisted thin flakes of cuprates have been realized and the corresponding pairing symmetry has been revisited both experimentally and theoretically. In this work, we overview the recent development on twisted cuprates. After summarizing the theoretical treatment and recent proposals, we introduce the technical progress of making the twisted cuprate junctions in van der Waal stacking, and discuss the recent experimental results of s-, d-, or d + id-wave pairing. In the end, we propose possible directions for future exploration in this field. This paper has three major sections: theories on twisted cuprates in Section 1, techniques of realizing twisted cuprates in Section 2, and experimental results on twisted cuprates in Section 3. Specifically, in Section 1, both the early theory and the latest theoretical proposals are introduced. After discussing the calculated angular dependence of Josephson tunneling between two d-wave or s-wave superconductors, we summarize the predicted features from the emergent d+id-wave pairing. They include unconventional temperature dependence of the critical Josephson current, doubling in frequency of the Fraunhofer pattern or Shapiro steps, and spontaneous Kerr rotation or emergence of Josephson diode effect. In Section 2, the technological progress of van der Waals stacking of cuprate superconductors is presented. Ultrathin twisted Josephson junctions of cuprates can be realized by either dry stacking together with oxygen post-annealing or cryogenic stacking at tens of degrees below 0 °C. In Section 3, the recent experimental results on van der Waals stacked twisted cuprates are reviewed. Tunneling in twisted underdoped cuprates realized by post-annealing indicates the existence of s-wave pairing and strong deviation from pure d-wave pairing. This result is contrasted with another study on cryogenically stacked junctions. There, signatures of d+id-wave pairing, such as fractional Shapiro steps, are reported. Still, our recent experiments on 45°-twisted junctions with ultraclean interfaces, which are also realized by cryogenic stacking, show standard Fraunhofer patterns and AC Josephson effect with only integer steps, indicating the absence of d + id-wave pairing. These results have far-reaching influence on understanding the pairing symmetry of twisted cuprates. Future efforts to study the twisted cuprates may include: extending to a wider pool of materials, pushing the thickness to the atomic limit, and adopting other characterization tools. The twisted cuprates may also find applications in high temperature superconducting quantum bit as well as Josephson diodes.

Aromatic superconductors are a new type of high-temperature superconductor discovered in recent years. The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) increases with the size of aromatic molecule increasing, which has attracted widespread attention of experimental and theoretical researchers. The driving mechanism for such a superconductivity, whether it is dominated by electron-phonon coupling or electronic correlation effects, has aroused great interest of many research groups. This paper briefly introduces the rich superconducting phenomena of metal doped aromatic compounds. From the perspectives of electron-phonon coupling or electronic correlations, the superconductivity of aromatic compounds is discussed, which is helpful in exploring aromatic superconductors with higher Tc. The challenges currently faced in the field are also introduced.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. We first introduce the existence of abundant superconducting phases in the experiment of metal doped aromatic compounds. Different doping concentrations of metal cause superconducting phases with different Tc values, especially the highest Tc value of the superconducting phase increases with the size of aromatic molecule increasing. Theoretical prediction shows that all aromatic hydrocarbon superconductors have a low-Tc superconducting phase in a range of 5–7 K, which is a common feature. For systems with few benzene rings (such as benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene crystals), only low-Tc phase of 5–7 K exists, while in systems with multiple benzene rings (such as picene, dibenzopentacene, and others with the number of benzene rings more than 5), there are multiple superconducting phases; the highest Tc in long-benzene-ring system depends not only on the number of benzene rings, but also on the chain size of organic molecule. Further research indicates that low-Tc phase is induced by doping about 2 electrons and has good stability, while high-Tc phase results from doping 3 electrons and has slightly poorer stability.Then, the electron-phonon coupling characteristics and electron-electron exchange correlation effects in aromatic compound superconductors are discussed. For low-Tc phases, the values of electronic density of states at the Fermi level are comparable to each other and relatively low, resulting in weak electron-phonon interactions. However, the Tc value predicted by this electron-phonon coupling mechanism is in good agreement with experimental value, indicating that the electron-phonon coupling is sufficient to describe the superconductivity of low-Tc phases. For high-Tc phases, the big values of electron density of states at the Fermi level imply strong electron-phonon interactions, and this electron-phonon coupling increases with the size of organic molecule increasing. However, the Tc value predicted only by the electron-phonon mechanism is lower than the experimental value. The study of electron-electron exchange correlation effect of aromatic compounds shows that the electronic correlation effect increases with the size of aromatic molecule increasing, which is consistent with the increase of Tc maximum value with the size of aromatic molecule increasing in a long-benzene-ring system. This indicates that the superconductivity of high-Tc phase is driven by both the electron-phonon mechanism and the electronic correlation effect. This understanding of superconductivity is significant for exploring and discovering aromatic superconductors with higher transition temperatures.Finally, comprehensive physical models and methods are required in this paper in order to gain a thorough understanding of the superconductivity of aromatic compound.

Semiconductor-superconductor hybrid nanowire is one of the major platforms for realizing Majorana zero modes (MZMs) and topological quantum computing (TQC), and the III-V InAs and InSb-based nanowires are the most-studied materials in this approach. Despite years of efforts to improve and optimize materials, too many defects and impurities in the nanowire samples remain the central problem hindering the research progress in this direction. In recent years, a new candidate Majorana nanowire system—IV-VI semiconductor PbTe-superconductor hybrid nanowire—has attracted much attention and witnessed rapid research progress. The unique advantages of PbTe-based nanowires, such as the large dielectric constant and the presence of a lattice-matched substrate, give them great potential in solving the bottleneck problem of sample defects and impurities, making them an ideal platform for studying MZMs and TQC. In this paper, we briefly introduce the recent research progress of selective area growth and transport characterization of in-plane PbTe nanowires and PbTe-superconductor hybrid nanowires. We also discuss the advantages and problems of the new candidate Majorana nanowire system as well as the prospect of realizing TQC based on it.

The fundamental concepts of phases of matter and thermal phase transitions constitute the cornerstone of our understanding of the physical universe. The historical development of the phase transition theory from Landau’s spontaneous symmetry breaking paradigm to modern topological phase transition theories represents a major milestone in the evolution of numerous scientific disciplines. From the perspective of emergent philosophy, the interplay of topological excitations leads to enriched physical phenomena. One prominent prototype is the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase transition, where unbinding of integer vortices occurs in the absence of spontaneous breaking of continuous U(1) symmetry. Using the state-of-the-art tensor network methods, we express the partition function of the two-dimensional XY-related system in terms of a product of one-dimensional transfer operators. From the singularities of the entanglement entropy of the one-dimensional transfer operator, we accurately determine the complete phase diagram of the partition function. This method provides new insights into the emergent phenomenon driven by topological excitations, and sheds new light on future studies of 2D systems with continuous symmetries.

Does thermodynamics still hold true for mecroscopic small systems with only limited degrees of freedom? Do concepts such as temperature, entropy, work done, heat transfer, isothermal processes, and the Carnot cycle remain valid? Does the thermodynamic theory for small systems need modifying or supplementing compared with traditional thermodynamics applicable to macroscopic systems? Taking a single-particle system for example, we investigate the applicability of thermodynamic concepts and laws in small systems. We have found that thermodynamic laws still hold true in small systems at an ensemble-averaged level. After considering the information erasure of the Maxwell’s demon, the second law of thermodynamics is not violated. Additionally, ‘small systems’ bring some new features. Fluctuations in thermodynamic quantities become prominent. In any process far from equilibrium, the distribution functions of thermodynamic quantities satisfy certain rigorously established identities. These identities are known as fluctuation theorems. The second law of thermodynamics can be derived from them. Therefore, fluctuation theorems can be considered an upgradation to the second law of thermodynamics. They enable physicists to obtain equilibrium properties (e.g. free energy difference) by measuring physical quantities associated with non-equilibrium processes (e.g. work distributions). Furthermore, despite some distinct quantum features, the performance of quantum heat engine does not outperform that of classical heat engine. The introduction of motion equations into small system makes the relationship between thermodynamics and mechanics closer than before. Physicists can study energy dissipation in non-equilibrium process and optimize the power and efficiency of heat engine from the first principle. These findings enrich the content of thermodynamic theory and provide new ideas for establishing a general framework for non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

Optical frequency comb (OFC) has coherently bridged the gap between light and microwave. Its advent has brought revolutionary progress to the accurate measurements of optical frequency and time, and profoundly promoted the technological development of technology of the contemporary world. The earliest optical frequency combs are generated from mode-locked laser systems. However, optical frequency combs based on mode-locked lasers have typically been limited to laboratory applications, due to their complexity, large size, and high cost. In recent years, a new type of optical frequency comb has emerged to address these problems. It is excited by continuous-wave laser coupling into a high-quality optical microresonator, generating equidistant sidebands in the frequency domain through four-wave mixing, and achieving mode locking in the time domain by using nonlinear effects to balance dispersion. This novel optical frequency comb is named 'microcombs'. Compared with traditional optical frequency combs, microcombs offer advantages such as compact size, integrability, low power consumption, and a wide repetition frequency range. Their occurrence marks the era of the generation of optical frequency combs towards chip-scale size and has aroused increasing attention from the scientific and industrial communities. This paper is ended by summarizing the current challenges faced by microcombs and giving a prospective outlook on their future development.

“Heat death”, namely, overheating, which will deteriorate the function of chips and eventually burn the device and has become an obstacle in the roadmap of the semiconductor industry. Therefore, heat dissipation becomes a key issue in further developing semiconductor. Heat conduction in chips encompasses the intricate dynamics of phonon conduction within one-dimensional, two-dimensional materials, as well as the intricate phonon transport through interfaces. In this paper, the research progress of the complexities of phonon transport on a nano and nanoscale in recent three years, especially the size dependent phonon thermal transport and the relationship between anomalous heat conduction and anomalous diffusion are summarized. Further discussed in this paper is the fundamental question within non-equilibrium statistical physics, particularly the necessary and sufficient condition for a given Hamiltonian whose macroscopic transport behavior obeys Fourier’s law. On the other hand, the methods of engineering the thermal conduction, encompassing nanophononic crystals, nanometamaterials, interfacial phenomena, and phonon condensation are also introduced. In order to comprehensively understand the phononic thermal conduction, a succinct overview of phonon heat transport phenomena, spanning from thermal quantization and the phonon Hall effect to the chiral phonons and their intricate interactions with other carriers is presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities, and the potential application of phonons in quantum information are also discussed.

Lunar glass, a significant component of lunar soil, is produced by non-equilibrium processes on the moon, such as volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts, solar wind, and cosmic radiation. Lunar glass of different origins has ability to record historical information of the formation and evolution of the moon. This article presents a comprehensive review of the research progress of lunar glasses found within the CE-5 lunar soil. Delving into their fundamental physical properties and microstructure, we explore the specific mechanisms behind the formation of lunar glasses. Furthermore, this article focuses on the various roles that lunar glasses play in studies of lunar evolution, such as acting as a “natural camera” that captures the moon's internal and surface changes over different epochs, encompassing lunar origin, magma activity, impact events, space weathering, and the origin of water. The ultra-stable lunar glass with disordered atomic structure can sustainably preserve lunar resources. It is estimated that lunar glasses have reserved approximately 260000 tons of 3He, and 27 billion tons of water. Moreover, lunar glasses serve as an invaluable lunar chronometer, providing a reliable temporal framework to data volcanic activity and impact events. This temporal framework, in turn, serves as a vital tool for investigating the evolution of lunar water, magnetic fields and reconstructing the extensive billion-year history of lunar impacts.

The influence of electromagnetic field on material characteristics remains a pivotal concern in scientific researches. Nonetheless, in the realm of computational condensed matter physics, the extension of traditional density functional theory to scenarios inclusive of external electromagentic fields poses considerable challenges. These issues largely stem from the disruption of translational symmetry by external fields inherent in periodic systems, rendering Bloch's theorem inoperative. Consequently, the using the first-principles method to calculate material properties in the presence of external fields becomes an intricate task, especially in circumstances where the external field cannot be approximated as a minor perturbation. Over the past two decades, a significant number of scholars within the field of computational condensed matter physics have dedicated their efforts to the formulation and refinement of first-principles computational method adopted in handling periodic systems subjected to finite external fields. This work attempts to systematically summarize these theoretical methods and their applications in the broad spectrum, including but not limited to ferroelectric, piezoelectric, ferromagnetic, and multiferroic domains. In the first part of this paper, we provide a succinct exposition of modern theory of polarization and delineate the process of constructing two computation methods in finite electric fields predicated by this theory in conjunction with density functional theory. The succeeding segment focuses on the integration of external magnetic fields into density functional theory and examining the accompanying computational procedures alongside the challenges they present. In the third part, we firstly review the first-principles effective Hamiltonian method, which is widely used in the study of magnetic, ferroelectric and multiferroic systems, and its adaptability to the case involving external fields. Finally, we discuss the exciting developments of constructing effective Hamiltonian models by using machine learning neural network methods , and their extensions according to the external fields.

The bulk photovoltaic effect is a second-order nonlinear photoelectric response, which refers to a phenomenon that non-centrosymmetric structural material generates a steady-state photocurrent under uniform light irradiation. The bulk photovoltaic effect has attracted widespread attention due to its open-circuit voltage is not limited by the semiconductor bandgap and power conversion efficiency breaks through the Shockley-Queisser limit. In addition, the bulk photovoltaic effect is closely related to the quantum geometric properties (such as Berry curvature and quantum metric) of solids, thus making it an effective means to study crystal polarization, orbital magnetization, and quantum Hall effects. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are rich in electrical, optical, magnetic, topological properties and their interactions, which can effectively improve the performances of bulk photovoltaic devices (such as expanding response range of bulk photovoltaic effect) and have important research value for exploring basic physical problems. This paper reviews the development process of bulk photovoltaic effect and its physical mechanism. The research progress of bulk photovoltaic effect in 2D materials is discussed in detail, including single component 2D materials, 2D material stacking engineering (such as 2D material homojunctions and heterojunctions), and other factors (such as magnetic field, strain engineering) to generate or regulate the bulk photovoltaic effect response. Finally, the development prospect of two-dimensional bulk photovoltaic effect is prospected.

The Hall effect refers to the generation of a voltage in a direction perpendicular to the applied current. Since its discovery in 1879, the Hall effect family has become a huge group, and its in-depth study is an important topic in the field of condensed matter physics. The newly discovered nonlinear Hall effect is a new member of Hall effects. Unlike most of previous Hall effects, the nonlinear Hall effect does not need to break the time-reversal symmetry of the system but requires the spatial inversion asymmetry. Since 2015, the nonlinear Hall effect has been predicted and observed in several kinds of materials with a nonuniform distribution of the Berry curvature of energy bands. Experimentally, when a longitudinal alternating current (AC) electric field is applied, a transverse Hall voltage will be generated, with its amplitude proportional to the square of the driving current. Such a nonlinear Hall signal contains two components: one is an AC transverse voltage oscillating at twice the frequency of the driving current, and the other is a direct current (DC) signal converted from the injected current. Although the history of the nonlinear Hall effect is only a few years, its broad application prospects in fields of wireless communication, energy harvesting, and infrared detectors have been widely recognized. The main reason is that the frequency doubling and rectification of electrical signals via some nonlinear Hall effects are achieved by an inherent quantum property of the material - the Berry curvature dipole moment, and therefore do not have the thermal voltage thresholds and/or the transition time characteristic of semiconductor junctions/diodes. Unfortunately, the existence of the Berry curvature dipole moment has more stringent requirements for the lattice symmetry breaking of the system apart from the spatial inversion breaking, and the materials available are largely limited. This greatly reduces the chance to optimize the signal of the nonlinear Hall effect and limits the application and development of the nonlinear Hall effect. The rapid development of van der Waals stacking technology in recent years provides a brand new way to design, tailor and control the symmetry of lattice, and to prepare artificial moiré crystals with certain physical properties. Recently, both theoretical results and experimental studies on graphene superlattices and transition metal dichalcogenide superlattices have shown that artificial moiré superlattice materials can have larger Berry curvature dipole moments than those in natural non-moiré crystals, which has obvious advantages in generating and manipulating the nonlinear Hall effect. On the other hand, abundant strong correlation effects have been observed in two-dimensional superlattices. The study of the nonlinear Hall effect in two-dimensional moiré superlattices can not only give people a new understanding of the momentum space distribution of Berry curvatures, contributing to the realization of more stable topological transport, correlation insulating states and superfluidity states, but also expand the functional space of moiré superlattice materials which are promising for the design of new electronic and optoelectronic devices. This review paper firstly introduces the birth and development of the nonlinear Hall effect and discusses two mechanisms of the nonlinear Hall effect: the Berry curvature dipole moment and the disorder. Subsequently, this paper summaries some properties of two-dimensional moiré superlattices which are essential in realizing the nonlinear Hall effect: considerable Berry curvatures, symmetry breaking effects, strong correlation effects and tunable band structures. Next, this paper reviews theoretical and experimental progress of nonlinear Hall effects in graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides superlattices. Finally, the future research directions and potential applications of the nonlinear Hall effect based on moiré superlattice materials are prospected.

As a common phenomenon in nature, phase transition has received much attention for a long time. It has been applied to various fields, such as refrigeration, information and energy storage, and negative thermal expansion. Solid refrigeration technology based on magnetocaloric effect, electrocaloric effect, and mechanocaloric effect has the advantages of environmental protection, high efficiency, no noise, and easy miniaturization, and is expected to replace vapor compression technology. Among them, the magnetocaloric effect has the longest research history. However, the shortcomings of magnetocaloric effect driven by a single magnetic field limit its solid-state refrigeration application, such as insufficient amplitude of caloric effect, large hysteresis loss, and narrow refrigeration temperature span. To solve these problems, multifield tuning and multicaloric effect have come into people's sight. This paper introduces our recent research on improving the caloric effect by applying multifield, such as increasing entropy change, expanding transition temperature range, adjusting transition temperature, and reducing hysteresis losses. The thermodynamics of multifield and coupled-caloric effect are presented in the meantime. On the other hand, materials with abnormal thermal expansion (zero thermal expansion, negative thermal expansion) have important applications in precision manufacturing. The phase transition and lattice effect dominated by magnetic atoms in the giant magnetocaloric materials with strong magnetic-crystal coupling provide an ideal platform for exploring abnormal thermal expansion. This paper also introduces our recent research on abnormal thermal expansion in magnetocaloric materials, and looks forward to future relevant research.

The Hubble constant quantitatively characterizes the expansion rate of the current Universe, and its precise measurement has become a crucial scientific problem. In recent years, there has been an increasingly serious discrepancy between the local direct measurements of the Hubble constant and the global fitting results, where the local direct measurements come from the local distance ladder measurements of the late universe, and the global fitting results come from fitting the standard model of cosmology to the microwave background radiation from the early universe. If this discrepancy is not caused by the observation error and systematic error of any of the observation methods, it probably means that there is a new physics beyond the existing standard model of cosmology. This article briefly reviews the Hubble constant problem from two aspects with observational and theoretical points of view, and finally provide a perspective view from both observational and theoretical aspects by combining the author’s research on this problem in recent years. The observational review includes cosmological observations from both early Universe (either depending or independent of the CMB measurements) and late Universe (either depending or independent of the distant-ladder measurements), and the theoretical review includes model buildings from modifying both early Universe (either recombination history or expansion history) and late Universe (either homogeneous modifications or inhomogeneous modifications). The final observational perspective includes both local and non-local cosmic variances with their Hubble residual correlated to the matter density contrasts of observer and sample, respectively, and the final theoretical perspective concludes the interacting dark energy model as the most promising candidate for both Hubble tension and S8 tension, which can be specifically realized in a chameleon dark energy model, pointing to a scale-dependent effective cosmological constant.