Low-loss weak-coupling 6-mode hollow-core negative curvature fiber based on symmetric double-ring nested tube

Hui Zhan-Qiang; Liu Rui-Hua; Gao Li-Ming; Han Dong-Dong; Li Tian-Tian; Gong Jia-Min

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231785

Abstract

Few-mode optical fibers have played an increasingly important role in breaking through the transmission capacity limitations of single-mode optical fiber and alleviating the bandwidth crisis in optic fiber communication systems in recent years. Nevertheless, traditional solid core few-mode optical fibers usually suffer optical fiber nonlinearity and mode coupling, leading to mode crosstalk between channels. Hollow core negative curvature fibers (HC-NCF) have attracted widespread attention due to their advantages, such as low latency, low nonlinearity, low dispersion, low transmission loss, and large operating bandwidth. In this work, a novel low-loss few-mode HC-NCF with symmetrically double ring nested tube structure is designed, which supports six core modes including LP₀₁, LP₁₁, LP₂₁, LP₀₂, LP_31a, and LP_31b. The designed optical fiber is based on silica dioxide substrate and adopts a unique symmetrical double ring nested cladding structure, which can effectively suppress the coupling between the core mode and the cladding mode. The finite element method (FDE) is used to numerically analyze the properties of the proposed few-mode HC-NCF and optimize the structural parameters of the few-mode HC-NCF. Moreover, the confinement loss and bending loss of all core modes are investigated. The simulation results show that the proposed few-mode HC-NCF can support the independent transmission of six weakly coupled core modes (with the effective refractive index difference greater than 1×10^–4 between the adjacent core modes, which greatly avoids the coupling between the adjacent modes in the fiber core). In the 400 nm bandwidth (1.23–1.63 μm, covering the O, E, S, C, and L bands), all six modes in the fiber core maintain low loss transmission. Moreover, in the range of 1.3–1.63 μm, the confinement loss (CL) of LP₀₁, LP₁₁ and LP₂₁ mode are all less than 1×10^–3 dB/m, and the CL of LP₀₂ and LP_31b mode are both less than 3×10^–3 dB/m. The CL of each mode reaches the lowest value at 1.4 μm, and the LP₀₁ mode has the lowest CL of 4.3×10^–7 dB/m. In addition, for a bending radius of 7 cm, each mode maintains the low bending loss characteristic in a certain operating wavelength range. In the range of 1.23–1.61 μm, the BL of LP₀₁ is less than 4.5×10^–4 dB/m, and the BL of LP₁₁ is less than 1.3×10^–3 dB/m. The tolerance analysis shows that even with the deviation of structural parameters of ±1%, the few-mode HC-NCF can still maintain the characteristic of low-loss and weak coupling. The designed few-mode HC-NCF has ultra-low CL and bending-insensitive characteristics while supporting independent transmission of six modes, which will find huge potential applications in future high performance mode division multiplexing systems.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Electronic Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China
2.
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Microwave Photonics and Optical Communication Technology, Xi’an 710121, China

Corresponding author: Hui Zhan-Qiang, zhanqianghui@xupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61875165), the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2022GY-008), the Natural Science Research Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2022JQ-638), the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2022PT-15), the Collaborative Innovation Projects of Education Office of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 20JY060), and the Open Fund for 705 Key Laboratory, China (Grant No. 705JCH2023-3.2).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 对称双环嵌套管少模HC-NCF的横截面结构图

Figure 1. Cross sectional structure of few-mode HC-NCF with symmetrically double ring nested tube structure.

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图 2 当纤芯半径R = 16 μm和k = 0.4时, 改变g对模式传输特性的影响　(a) 有效折射率; (b) CL

Figure 2. When the core radius R = 16 μm and k = 0.4, the impact of changing g on mode transmission characteristics: (a) Effective refractive index; (b) CL.

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图 3 少模HC-NCF中纤芯模式的模场分布图

Figure 3. Mode field distribution of guided core modes in the few-mode HC-NCF.

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图 4 当纤芯半径R = 16 μm, g = 0.5 μm, 改变k对模式传输特性的影响　(a) 有效折射率; (b) 相邻模式有效折射率差; (c) CL; (d) 相邻模式间DGD

Figure 4. Impact of changing k on mode transmission characteristics for R = 16 μm and g = 0.5 μm: (a) Effective refractive index; (b) difference of effective refractive index of adjacent modes; (c) CL; (d) DGD between adjacent modes.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 k = 0.25, LP_31a 模的模场分布　(a) 二维平面图; (b) 三维立体图

Figure 5. Mode field distribution of LP_31a modes at k = 0.25: (a) 2D plane diagram; (b) 3D stereo diagram.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 当g = 0.5 μm, k = 0.4时, 改变纤芯半径R对模式传输的影响　(a) 有效折射率; (b) 相邻模式有效折射率差; (c) CL; (d) 相邻模式间的DGD

Figure 6. Impact of changing R on mode transmission characteristics for g = 0.5 μm and k = 0.4: (a) Effective refractive index; (b) difference of effective refractive index of adjacent modes; (c) CL; (d) DGD between adjacent modes.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 当g = 0.5 μm, k = 0.4, R = 24 μm时, 波长变化对模式传输的影响　(a) 有效折射率; (b) 相邻模式有效折射率差; (c) CL; (d) 相邻模式间的DGD

Figure 7. Variation of changing wavelength on mode transmission characteristics for g = 0.5 μm, k = 0.4 and R = 16 μm: (a) Effective refractive index; (b) difference of effective refractive index of adjacent modes; (c) CL; (d) DGD between adjacent modes.

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图 8 当g = 0.5 μm, k = 0.4, R = 24 μm时, 不同弯曲半径对模式传输的影响　(a) 预期基线; (b) 有效折射率; (c) 相邻模式有效折射率差; (d) BL

Figure 8. Variation of changing bending radius on mode transmission characteristics for g = 0.5 μm, k = 0.4: (a) Expected baseline; (b) effective refractive index; (c) difference of effective refractive index of adjacent modes; (d) BL.

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图 9 当弯曲半径R_b= 7 cm时, 不同波长对模式传输的影响　(a) 相邻模式有效折射率差; (b) BL

Figure 9. Variation of changing wavelength on mode transmission with bending radius R_b = 7 cm: (a) Difference of effective refractive index of adjacent modes; (b) BL.

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图 10 嵌套管壁厚参数t偏移+1%时, 相邻模式有效折射率差和CL的变化

Figure 10. With nested tube wall thickness parameter t deviation +1%, the change of effective refractive index difference of adjacent mode and CL.

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图 11 嵌套管壁厚参数t偏移–1%时, 相邻模式有效折射率差和CL的变化

Figure 11. With nested tube wall thickness parameter t deviation –1%, the change of effective refractive index difference of adjacent mode and CL.

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图 12 参数k偏移+1%时, 相邻模式有效折射率差和CL的变化

Figure 12. With parameter k deviation +1%, the change of effective refractive index difference of adjacent mode and CL.

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图 13 参数k偏移–1%时, 相邻模式有效折射率差和CL的变化

Figure 13. With parameter k deviation -1%, the change of effective refractive index difference of adjacent mode and CL.

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表 1 少模HC-NCF性能比较

Table 1. Performance comparison of few-mode HC-NCF

结构	中心波长/µm	支持模式数	基模最低限制损耗/(dB·m^–1)	工作带宽/nm	弯曲半径/cm	弯曲损耗/(dB·m^–1)
Wang Z, et al. (2020)^[46]	1.55	2	1.7×10^–4 @1.53 µm	340	10	6.6×10^–4 (200 nm)
Goel C, et al. (2021)^[47]	1.00	5	1.4×10^–5@1 µm	—	20	5×10^–3
Ou J, et al. (2022)^[48]	1.55	2	7.4×10^–7@1.06 µm	800	—	—
Liu H, et al. (2022)^[49]	1.55	5	3.4×10^–7@1.38 µm	300	6	3×10^–4 (210 nm)
Our work	1.55	6	4.3×10^–7@1.4 µm	330	7	4.5×10^–4 (420 nm)

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map

[1]	Benabid F, Knight J C, Antonopoulos G, Russell P S J 2002 Science 298 399 Google Scholar
[2]	Poletti F, Wheeler N V, Petrovich M N, Baddela N, Fokoua E N, Hayes J R, Gray D R, Li Z, Slavík R, Richardson D J 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 279 Google Scholar
[3]	Belardi W, Knight J C 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 1853 Google Scholar
[4]	Yu F, Knight J C 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 22 146 Google Scholar
[5]	Hasan M I, Akhmediev N, Chang W 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 703 Google Scholar
[6]	Shen W, Du J, Sun L, Wang C, He Z 2020 J. Lightwave Technol. 38 3874 Google Scholar
[7]	Liu Z, Karanov B, Galdino L, Hayes J R, Lavery D, Clark K, Shi K, Elson D J, Thomsen B C, Petrovich M N, Richardson D J, Poletti F, Slavik R, Bayvel P 2019 J. Lightwave Technol. 37 909 Google Scholar
[8]	Michaud-Belleau V, Fokoua E R N, Bradley T, Hayes J R, Slavik R 2021 Optica 8 216 Google Scholar
[9]	Zhu X, Wu D, Wang Y, Yu F, Li Q, Qi Y, Knight J, Chen S, Hu L 2021 Opt. Express 29 1492 Google Scholar
[10]	Azendorf F, Schmauss B, Shi B, Fokoua E N, Radan Slavík, Eiselt M 2021 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC) San Francisco, California United States, June 6–10, 2021 p1
[11]	Liu W, Zheng Y, Wang Z, Wang Z X, Yang J, Chen M X, Qi M, Rehman S U, Shum P P, Zhu L, Wei L 2021 Adv. Mater. Interfaces 8 2001978 Google Scholar
[12]	Gérôme F, Cook K T, George A K, Wadsworth W J, Knight J C 2007 Opt. Express 15 7126 Google Scholar
[13]	Urich A, Maier R R, Yu F, Knight J C, Hand D P, Shephard J D 2013 Biomed. Opt. Express 4 193 Google Scholar
[14]	Couch D E, Hickstein D D, Winters D G, Backus S J, Kirchner M S, Domingue S R, Ramirez J J, Durfee C G, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C 2020 Optica 7 832 Google Scholar
[15]	Poletti F 2014 Opt. Express 22 23807 Google Scholar
[16]	Cregan R F, Mangan B J, Knight J C, Birks T A, Russell P S, Roberts P J, Allan D C 1999 Science 285 1537 Google Scholar
[17]	Roberts P, Couny F, Sabert H, Mangan B, Williams D, Farr L, Mason M, Tomlinson A, Birks T, Knight J, Russell S J P 2005 Opt. Express 13 236 Google Scholar
[18]	Luan F, George A K, Hedley T D, Pearce G J, Bird D M, Knight J C, Russell P S J 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 2369 Google Scholar
[19]	Wei C, Weiblen R J, Menyuk C R, Hu J 2017 Adv. Opt. Photonics 9 562 Google Scholar
[20]	Jasion G T, Bradley T, Harrington K, Sakr H, Poletti F 2020 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC) San Diego, California United States, March 8–12, 2020
[21]	Osório J H, Amrani F, Delahaye F, Dhaybi A, Vasko K, Melli F, Giovanardi F, Vandembroucq D, Tessier G, Vincetti L, Debord B, Gérôme F, Benabid F 2023 Nat. Commun. 14 1146 Google Scholar
[22]	Mulvad H C H, Abokhamis Mousavi S, Zuba V, Xu L, Sakr H, Bradley T D, Hayes J R, Jasion G T, Numkam Fokoua E R, Taranta A, Alam S, Richardson D J, Poletti F 2022 Nat. Photonics 16 448 Google Scholar
[23]	Ding W, Wang Y Y, Gao S, Wang M, Wang P 2020 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 26 4400312 Google Scholar
[24]	Gao S F, Wang Y Y, Ding W, Jiang D, Gu S, Zhang X, Wang P 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2828 Google Scholar
[25]	Yue B, Feng J, Tao J, Zhou G, Huang X 2021 Opt. Fiber Technol. 67 102734 Google Scholar
[26]	Xue L, Sheng X, Jia H, Lou S 2023 J. Lightwave Technol. 41 6043 Google Scholar
[27]	Belardi W 2015 J. Lightwave Technol. 33 4497 Google Scholar
[28]	Yan S B, Lou S, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhao T 2018 Opt. Fiber Technol. 46 118 Google Scholar
[29]	Michieletto M, Lyngsø J K, Jakobsen C, Lægsgaard J, Bang O, Alkeskjold T T 2016 Opt. Express 24 7103 Google Scholar
[30]	Zhang X, Feng Z, Marpaung D A, Fokoua E R, Sakr H, Hayes J R, Poletti F, Richardson D J, Slavík R 2022 Light Sci. Appl 11 213 Google Scholar
[31]	Yao C Y, Gao S F, Wang Y Y, Wang P, Jin W, Ren W 2020 J. Lightwave Technol. 38 2067 Google Scholar
[32]	Ma X X, Li J S, Guo H T, Li S G, Zhang H, Xu Y T, Meng X J, Guo Y, Chen Q, Wang C J, Cui X W 2023 Plasmonics 18 899 Google Scholar
[33]	Zhang H, Chang Y J, Xu Y T, Liu C Z, Xiao X S, Li J S, Ma X X, Wang Y Y, Guo H T 2023 Opt. Express 31 7659 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhou Y, Cao R, Wang S, Peng J, Li H, Chu Y, Xing Y, Dai N, Li J 2022 IEEE Photonics J. 14 1 Google Scholar
[35]	Zhu Y, Wang S, Chen M, Zuo X, Wang H, Rao C, Xu Y, Ji D, Liu Y 2022 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 34 283 Google Scholar
[36]	Nawazuddin M B, Wheeler N V, Hayes J R, Bradley T D, Sandoghchi S R, Gouveia M A, Jasion G T, Richardson D J, Poletti F 2018 J. Lightwave Technol. 36 1213 Google Scholar
[37]	Yan S, Lou S, Lian Z, Zhang W, Wang X 2019 J. Lightwave Technol. 37 5707 Google Scholar
[38]	Luo L W, Ophir N, Chen C P, Gabrielli L H, Poitras C B, Bergmen K, Lipson M 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3069 Google Scholar
[39]	Chen Y X, Lin Z J, Bélanger-de Villers S, Rusch L A, Shi W 2020 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 26 6100107 Google Scholar
[40]	Naghshvarianjahromi M, Kumar S, Deen M J, Iwaya T, Kimura K, Yoshida M, Hirooka T, Nakazawa M 2022 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 28 7500210 Google Scholar
[41]	Richardson D J, Fini J M, Nelson L E 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 354 Google Scholar
[42]	Tarighat A, Hsu R C J, Shah A, Sayed A H, Jalali B 2007 IEEE Commun. Mag. 45 57 Google Scholar
[43]	Berdagué S, Facq P 1982 Appl. Opt. 21 1950 Google Scholar
[44]	Habib M S, Antonio-Lopez J E, Markos C, Schülzgen A, Amezcua-Correa R 2019 Opt. Express 27 3824 Google Scholar
[45]	Habib M S, Bang O, Bache M 2016 Opt. Express 24 8429 Google Scholar
[46]	Wang Z, Tu J, Liu Z, Yu C, Lu C 2020 J. Lightwave Technol. 38 864 Google Scholar
[47]	Goel C, Yoo S 2021 J. Lightwave Technol. 39 6592 Google Scholar
[48]	Ou J, Li J P, Zheng W Q, Qin Y W, Xu O, Huang Q D, Peng D, Xiang M, Xu Y, Fu S N 2022 20th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) Shenzhen, China, August 12–15, 2022 p1
[49]	Liu H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Guan Z, Yu Z, Ling Q, Luo S, Shao J, Huang D, Chen D 2022 Opt. Express 30 21833 Google Scholar
[50]	Vincetti L, Setti V 2012 Opt. Express 20 14350 Google Scholar
[51]	Zhang J, Wang Z, Chen J 2014 Proc. COMSOL Conf. Shanghai, China 2014 p2
[52]	Litchinitser N M, Abeeluck A K, Headley C, Eggleton B J 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 1592 Google Scholar
[53]	Vincetti L 2016 Opt. Express 24 10313 Google Scholar
[54]	Chen X, Hu X, Yang L, Peng J, Li H, Dai N, Li J 2019 Opt. Express 27 19548 Google Scholar
[55]	Wang L, LaRochelle S 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 5846 Google Scholar
[56]	Nagano K, Kawakami S, Nishida S 1978 Appl. Opt. 17 2080 Google Scholar
[57]	Belardi W, Knight J C 2014 Opt. Express 22 10091 Google Scholar
[58]	Pryamikov A D, Biriukov A S, Kosolapov A F, Plotnichenko V G, Semjonov S L, Dianov E M 2011 Opt. Express 19 1441 Google Scholar
[59]	Yu F, Wadsworth W J, Knight J C 2012 Opt. Express 20 11153 Google Scholar
[60]	Yang S, Sheng X, Zhao G, Lou S, Guo J 2021 IEEE Access 9 29599 Google Scholar
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Vol. 73, Issue 7 - 2024-04-05

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