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Graphene oxide (GO) is an ideal label-free sensing material with its super large specific surface area and abundant surface functional groups. Considering its insulating characteristic, the GO is suitable for optics-based heavy metal ion sensing. However, given the large surface tension of water and the hydrophilicity of GO, the agglomeration or wrinkles of GO nanosheets is usually inevitable during coating with aqueous dispersion. This reduces the accessible surface area and surface functional groups of GO, thereby degrading the sensing performance. Here, an ultra-sensitive GO functionalized tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) sensor is designed to detect heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions. Firstly, a strategy of free energy manipulation is employed to avoid the wrinkles and agglomeration of GO nanosheets. In the scenario of aqueous dispersion, the GO nanosheets will wrinkle as the water droplets evaporate and shrink. In contrast, using the lower-surface-tension ethanol as the dispersant and a high-surface-energy substrate processed by oxygen plasma, the dispersion will evenly spread on the substrate instead of forming droplets. When ethanol evaporates, GO nanosheets are attached to the substrate in largest possible area to reduce the free energy of the system, by which a GO film without agglomeration or wrinkles can be obtained. Secondly, the intrinsic sensitivity of TFBG is conducive to the detection of heavy metal ions in water. Mode interference occurs between the cladding mode and the core mode in the TFBG, and the wavelength and intensity of the interference are highly sensitive to the surrounding temperature, stress, and refractive index. Combining the above characteristics, the GO functionalized TFBG is highly sensitive to Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ ions in water. These heavy metal ions are adsorbed by the GO, and thus causing the effective refractive index to increase. The results show that the adsorption of heavy metal ions makes the interference peaks red-shifted in the transmission spectrum. The lowest detection limit for Pb2+ and Cd2+ can reach 10–10 mol/L (ng/L level), and the corresponding sensitivities are 0.426 and 0.385 dB/(nmol·L–1) (2.06 and 3.43 dB/(μg·L–1)), respectively. These superior sensing performances benefit from the high specific surface area and accessible carbonyl groups of the unfolded GO, and also rely on the excellent intrinsic sensitivity of TFBG. The GO functionalized TFBG sensor has a promising potential application in environment monitoring.
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Keywords:
- titled fiber Bragg grating /
- graphene oxide /
- heavy metal ions /
- surface energy
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图 1 TFBG示意图
Figure 1. Schematics of a TFBG.
图 2 传感实验平台
Figure 2. Platform for sensing experiments.
图 3 GO水分散液及GO乙醇分散液在衬底上的干燥过程
Figure 3. Drying process of GO aqueous dispersion and GO ethanol dispersion on the substrate.
图 4 (a) GO乙醇分散液和(b)水基分散液湿法制备薄膜的AFM图像; (c), (d)水基分散液制备薄膜的SEM图像
Figure 4. AFM images of the film prepared by (a) GO ethanol dispersion and (b) water-based dispersion; (c), (d) SEM images of the film prepared by the water-based dispersion.
图 5 (a) GO涂敷前和(b) GO涂敷后TFBG栅区表面的光学显微镜图像; (c), (d) GO涂敷后栅区表面的SEM图像
Figure 5. Optical microscope image of the surface of the TFBG grid area (a) before and (b) after GO coating; (c), (d) SEM images of the surface of the grid area after GO coating.
图 6 (a) GO涂敷前后透射光谱的对比; (b)不同浓度Cd2+离子环境下GO-TFBG的透射光谱; (c) 1539.5 nm附近谐振峰对Cd2+离子的响应; (d)使用含水的GO乙醇分散液成膜的GO-TFBG传感响应
Figure 6. (a) Comparison of transmission spectrum before and after GO coating; (b) transmission spectra of GO-TFBG under different concentrations of Cd2+; (c) response of the resonance peak near 1539.5 nm to Cd2+; (d) sensor response of GO-TFBG film formed using aqueous GO ethanol dispersion.
图 7 GO-TFBG对不同浓度(a) Pb2+离子和(b) Cu2+离子的响应
Figure 7. Responses of GO-TFBG to different concentrations of (a) Pb2+ and (b) Cu2+.
图 8 1539.46 nm处光强对不同浓度重金属离子的响应(误差分析来源于5次GO涂敷-测试-擦除-涂敷循环)
Figure 8. Response of light intensity at 1539.46 nm to different concentrations of heavy metal ions. The error analysis is derived from five GO coating-test-wipe-coating cycles.
表 1 不同重金属离子传感器的性能比较
Table 1. Performance comparison of different heavy metal ion sensors.
传感结构 方法 离子 灵敏度 检测限 dB/(nmol·L–1) dB/(μg·L–1) nmol·L–1 μg·L–1 本工作 模式耦合 Pb2+ 0.426 2.06 0.13 0.027 Cd2+ 0.385 3.43 0.16 0.018 Cu2+ 0.019 0.03 1.19 0.076 FET[32] 电化学 Pb2+ 6.274 1.3 TFBG[13] SPR Pb2+ 1.335×10–3 6.443×10–3 8.56×10–3 1.774×10–3 TFBG[9] SPR Cd2+ 8.897 1 拉锥光纤[33] 干涉 Pb2+ 24.131 5 TFBG[10] 模式耦合 Pb2+ 1.036×10–4 0.5×10–3 1.207 0.25 TFBG[12] SPR Pb2+ 0.1 0.021 
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[1] Cui L, Wu J, Ju H 2015 Biosens. Bioelectron. 63 276
Google Scholar
[2] Bansod B, Kumar T, Thakur R, Rana S, Singh I 2017 Biosens. Bioelectron. 94 443
Google Scholar
[3] Zhang H, Faye D, Lefèvre J P, Delaire J A, Leray I 2013 Microchem. J. 106 167
Google Scholar
[4] Moo J G, Khezri B, Webster R D, Pumera M 2014 Chemphyschem 15 2922
Google Scholar
[5] Mei M, Pang J, Huang X, Luo Q 2019 Anal. Chim. Acta 1090 82
Google Scholar
[6] Chen L, Wang Z, Pei J, Huang X 2020 Anal. Chem. 92 2251
Google Scholar
[7] Lou J, Wang Y, Tong L 2014 Sensors 14 5823
Google Scholar
[8] Ji W B, Yap S H K, Panwar N, Zhang L L, Lin B, Yong K T, Tjin S C, Ng W J, Majid M B A 2016 Sens. Actuators, B 237 142
Google Scholar
[9] Cai S, Pan H, Gonzalez-Vila A, Guo T, Gillan D C, Wattiez R, Caucheteur C 2020 Opt. Express 28 19740
Google Scholar
[10] Liu C, Sun Z, Zhang L, Lv J, Yu X F, Zhang L, Chen X 2018 Sens. Actuators, B 257 1093
Google Scholar
[11] Albert J, Shao L Y, Caucheteur C 2013 Laser Photonics Rev. 7 83
Google Scholar
[12] Si Y, Lao J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Cai S, Gonzalez-Vila A, Li K, Huang Y, Yuan Y, Caucheteur C, Guo T 2019 J. Light Technol. 37 3495
Google Scholar
[13] Wang F, Zhang Y, Lu M, Du Y, Chen M, Meng S, Ji W, Sun C, Peng W 2021 Sens. Actuators, B 337 129816
Google Scholar
[14] Chiu Y D, Wu C W, Chiang C C 2017 Sensors 17 2129
Google Scholar
[15] Wang Y Q, Shen C Y, Lou W M, Shentu F Y, Zhong C, Dong X Y, Tong L M 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 031107
Google Scholar
[16] Peng W, Li H, Liu Y, Song S 2017 J. Mol. Liq. 230 496
Google Scholar
[17] Shivananju B N, Yu W, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Lin B, Li S, Bao Q 2017 Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 1603918
Google Scholar
[18] Wang R, Ren Z, Kong D, Wu H, Hu B, He Z 2020 Appl. Phys. Express 13 067001
Google Scholar
[19] Cote L J, Kim F, Huang J X 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 1043
Google Scholar
[20] Zhang J L, Fu H W, Ding J J, Zhang M, Zhu Y 2017 Appl. Opt. 56 8828
Google Scholar
[21] Kumar S, Singh R, Zhu G, Yang Q S, Zhang X, Cheng S, Zhang B Y, Kaushik B K, Liu F Z 2020 IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci. 19 173
Google Scholar
[22] Deegan R D, Bakajin O, Dupont T F, Huber G, Nagel S R, Witten T A 1997 Nature 389 827
Google Scholar
[23] Park S H, Kim H K, Yoon S B, Lee C W, Ahn D, Lee S I, Roh K C, Kim K B 2015 Chem. Mater. 27 457
Google Scholar
[24] Parviz D, Metzler S D, Das S, Irin F, Green M J 2015 Small 11 2661
Google Scholar
[25] Jiang B Q, Lu X, Gan X T, Qi M, Wang Y D, Han L, Mao D, Zhang W D, Ren Z Y, Zhao J L 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 3994
Google Scholar
[26] Liu F, Ha H D, Han D J, Seo T S 2013 Small 9 3410
Google Scholar
[27] Sitko R, Turek E, Zawisza B, Malicka E, Talik E, Heimann J, Gagor A, Feist B, Wrzalik R 2013 Dalton Trans. 42 5682
Google Scholar
[28] World Health Organization https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44584/9789241548151_eng.pdf?sequence=1 [2011-3-21]
[29] Gong X, Bi Y, Zhao Y, Liu G, Teoh W Y 2014 RSC Adv. 4 24653
Google Scholar
[30] Bard A J, Faulkner L R 2001 Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (New York: Wiley) pp8–12
[31] Wang H, Yuan X Z, Wu Y, Huang H J, Zeng G M, Liu Y, Wang X L, Lin N B, Qi Y 2013 Appl. Surf. Sci. 279 432
Google Scholar
[32] Sui X, Pu H, Maity A, Chang J, Jin B, Lu G, Wang Y, Ren R, Mao S, Chen J 2020 ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 9 115012
Google Scholar
[33] Yap S H K, Chien Y H, Tan R, Bin Shaik Alauddin A R, Ji W B, Tjin S C, Yong K T 2018 ACS Sens. 3 2506
Google Scholar
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