Advances in spatial analog optical computing devices

Zhou Yi; Chen Rui; Chen Wen-Jie; Ma Yun-Gui

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200283

Abstract

Spatial analog optical computing devices possess the capability of high-throughput, real-time and low-energy information processing. Optical metamaterials, which are ultracompact in structure and possess powerful ability to control the light, can be utilized to establish miniatured and integrated spatial analog optical computing devices. The methods of designing the spatial analog optical computing devices could be mainly classified as two kinds—4F system method and Green’s function method. The 4F system method requires two Fourier transform lenses and a spatial frequency filter, where the actual computing procedure is performed in the spatial domain. The 4F system is usually bulky and complicated. The Green’s function method directly leverages the nonlocal response of the carefully tailored optical materials to implement analog computing procedure in the spatial frequency domain and its structure is compact without extra Fourier transform components. Research advances in spatial analog optical computing devices by using these two methods for the last few years are introduced in this paper. These researches could be classified as differentiators, integrators, equation solvers and spatial frequency filters according to the standard of computing functions. The approaches to designing these devices are further demonstrated. Then, computing devices which could realize spatial analog first-order difference by use of the spin-orbit interaction proposed recently are introduced. Finally, application fields and study prospects of spatial analog optical computing devices are discussed and summarized.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Corresponding author: Ma Yun-Gui, yungui@zju.edu.cn

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References

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Cited By

图 1 利用4F系统法设计的超构材料空域模拟光学计算器件示意图^[6]

Figure 1. Metamaterial spatial analog optical computing device designed by 4F system method^[6].

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图 2 利用4F系统法设计的超构材料空域模拟光学计算器件　(a), (b) MIM等离激元超构表面和对应反射强度分布^[7]; (c), (d) 树枝状等离激元超构表面和对应反射强度分布^[11]; (e), (f) SOI片上超构表面结构和对应一阶微分器^[12]; (g), (h) 硅超构表面ODE、IDE求解器和对应电场仿真结果^[16]

Figure 2. Metamaterial spatial analog optical computing devices designed by 4F system method: (a), (b) MIM plasmon metasurface and corresponding reflective intensity distribution^[7]; (c), (d) dendritic plasmon metasurface and corresponding reflective intensity distribution^[11]; (e), (f) schematic of unit cell of SOI-based on-chip metasurface and corresponding first-order differentiator^[12]; (g), (h) ODE and IDE solvers based on silicon metasurfaces and corresponding electric field simulation results^[16].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 基于平板或多层膜的空域模拟一阶微分器　(a) PSBG微分器和对应传递函数^[21]; (b) 工作在Brewster角的介质平板微分器和对应传递函数^[23]; (c) 基于SPP的微分器和边缘检测实验结果^[8]

Figure 3. Spatial analog first-order differentiator based on plates and multilayer films: (a) PSBG differentiator and corresponding transfer function^[21]; (b) dielectric plate differentiator working at Brewster’s angle and corresponding transfer function^[23]; (c) SPP-based differentiator and experimental results of edge detection^[8].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 基于光栅和普通超构材料的空域模拟一阶微分器　(a) 基于全介质光栅的微分器和边缘检测实验结果^[26]; (b) 基于结构对称性破缺SRR的微分器和对应传递函数^[18]; (c) 介质-金属超构表面微分器和边缘检测实验结果^[30]

Figure 4. Grating/metamaterial-based spatial analog first-order differentiator: (a) Differentiator based on all-dielectric grating and experimental results of edge detection^[26]; (b) differentiator based on structure-symmetry-broken SRRs and corresponding transfer function^[18]; (c) dielectric-metal metasurface differentiator and experimental results of edge detection^[30].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 超构材料空域模拟二阶微分器　(a) 光栅石墨烯复合微分器和对应传递函数幅度^[37]; (b) 基于等离激元电路的微分器和对应交叉偏振散射强度随入射角度的函数关系^[33]; (c) 基于光子晶体的微分器和对应传递函数幅度^[32]

Figure 5. Metamaterial spatial analog second-order differentiator: (a) On-grating graphene differentiator and magnitude of corresponding transfer function^[37]; (b) differentiator based on plasmonic circuit and corresponding cross-polarized scattering intensity as function of incident angle^[33]; (c) differentiator based on photonic crystal slab and magnitude of corresponding transfer function^[32].

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图 6 多层膜空域模拟一阶积分器^[40]　(a) 积分器结构示意图; (b) 对应传递函数

Figure 6. Multilayer spatial analog first-order integrator^[40]: (a) Schematic of integrator; (b) corresponding transfer function.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 利用格林函数法设计的超构材料空域模拟方程求解器^[9]　(a) 结构示意图; (b) 端口3激发的电场分布仿真结果

Figure 7. Metamaterial spatial analog equation solver using Green’s function^[9]: (a) Schematic diagram; (b) simulation result of electric field distribution when excited at Port 3.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 基于SHEL的一阶微分器　(a) 介质平板微分器和边缘检测实验结果^[45]; (b) PB相位超构表面微分器和边缘检测实验结果^[49]

Figure 8. SHEL-based first-order differentiator: (a) Dielectric plate differentiator and experimental results of edge detection^[45]; (b) differentiator based on PB-phase metasurface and experimental results of edge detection^[49].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Goodman J W 2005 Introduction to Fourier Optics (3rd Ed.). (Englewood: Roberts & Company Publishers)
[2]	Staude I, Schilling J 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 274 Google Scholar
[3]	Aieta F, Kats M A, Genevet P, Capasso F 2015 Science 347 1342 Google Scholar
[4]	Zheng G, Mühlenbernd H, Kenney M, Li G, Zentgraf T, Zhang S 2015 Nat. Nanotech. 10 308 Google Scholar
[5]	Liu S, Vabishchevich P P, Vaskin A, Reno J L, Keeler G A, Sinclair M B, Staude I, Brener I 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2507 Google Scholar
[6]	Silva A, Monticone F, Castaldi G, Galdi V, Alù A, Engheta N 2014 Science 343 160 Google Scholar
[7]	Pors A, Nielsen M G, Bozhevolnyi S I 2015 Nano Lett. 15 791 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhu T, Zhou Y, Lou Y, Ye H, Qiu M, Ruan Z, Fan S 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15391 Google Scholar
[9]	Estakhri N M, Edwards B, Engheta N 2019 Science 363 1333 Google Scholar
[10]	Sajjad A R, Arik K, Khavasi A, Kavehvash Z 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 5239 Google Scholar
[11]	Chen H, An D, Li Z, Zhao X 2017 Opt. Express 25 26417 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang Z, Li T, Soman A, Mao D, Kananen T, Gu T 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 3547 Google Scholar
[13]	Wu Y, Zhuang Z, Deng L, Liu Y A, Xue Q, Ghassemlooy Z 2018 Plasmonics 13 599 Google Scholar
[14]	Chizari A, Sajjad A R Jamali M V, Salehi J A 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 3451 Google Scholar
[15]	Dai C L, Zhao Z G, Li X L, Yang H W 2016 Phys. Lett. A 380 3942 Google Scholar
[16]	Sajjad A R, Chizari A, Dorche A E, Jamali M V, Salehi J A 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 1197 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang W X, Qu C, Zhang X D 2016 J. Opt. 18 075102 Google Scholar
[18]	Kwon H, Sounas D, Cordaro A, Polman A, Alù A 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 173004 Google Scholar
[19]	Momeni A, Rajabalipanah H, Abdolali A, Achouri K 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 11 064042 Google Scholar
[20]	Wang H W, Guo C, Zhao Z X, Fan S H 2020 ACS Photonics 7 338 Google Scholar
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[22]	Ruan Z C 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 601 Google Scholar
[23]	Youssefi A, Zangeneh-Nejad F, Sajjad A R, Khavasi A 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 3467 Google Scholar
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[32]	Guo C, Xiao M, Minkov M, Shi Y, Fan S 2018 Optica 5 251 Google Scholar
[33]	Hwang Y, Davis T J, Lin J, Yuan X C 2018 Opt. Express 26 7368 Google Scholar
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[36]	Bykov D A, Doskolovich L L, Bezus E A, Soifer V A 2014 Opt. Express 22 25084 Google Scholar
[37]	Fang Y, Lou Y, Ruan Z 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 3840 Google Scholar
[38]	Wu W, Jiang W, Yang J, Gong S, Ma Y 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 5270 Google Scholar
[39]	Golovastikov N V, Bykov D A, Doskolovich L L, Bezus E A 2015 Opt. Commun. 338 457 Google Scholar
[40]	Zangeneh-Nejad F, Khavasi A 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 1954 Google Scholar
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[53]	Wen D, Yue F, Li G, et al. 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8241 Google Scholar
[54]	Maguid E, Yulevich I, Veksler D, Kleiner V, Brongersma M L, Hasman E 2016 Science 352 1202 Google Scholar

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