Atomic fountain frequency standard: principle and development

Wang Qian; Wei Rong; Wang Yu-Zhu

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20180540

Abstract

The principle and development of fountain frequency standard are introduced in this paper. Fountain frequency standard is an atomic clock technology developed in recent 20 years. It is based on laser cooling technology, and realizes the trapping and projection of the cold atom medium with laser cooling technology. In the process of launching upward and falling back, the cold atom medium first completes the preparation of atomic state, then passes through the microwave cavity twice to achieve the Ramsey interaction; between the two interactions it undergoes free evolution, and finally the Ramsey interference fringes are obtained by detecting the atomic interference probability with the two-level fluorescence detection method in the detection region, and the frequency is locked with a line width of the central fringe being about 1 Hz. The stability and uncertainty of the frequency are two important indexes of the fountain frequency standard. The factors influencing the stability of the fountain clock frequency mainly are quantum projection noise and electronic noise. At present, the short term stability of the fountain clock is (10-13-10-14)τ-1/2, and the long term stability is (10-16-10-17). The frequency uncertainty of the fountain frequency standard is mainly influenced by the two-order Zeeman frequency shift, the blackbody radiation frequency shift, the cold atom collisional frequency shift, and the frequency shift relating to the microwave. The uncertainty of the fountain clock is around 10-16 currently. As a reference frequency standard, the working media of the fountain clock mainly are 133Cs and 87Rb. All international metrology institutions have been developing the fountain frequency standard, and it plays a more and more important role in establishing the coordinated universal time and the calibration of the international atomic time. In addition, the fountain frequency standards are also used to study high-precision time-frequency reference and time comparison chain, and verify basic physical theories.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Wei Rong, weirong@siom.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91336105) and Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB21030200).

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Cited By

[1]	Bureau International des Poids et Mesures https://www.bipm.org/metrology/time-frequency/units.html [2014]
[2]	Lemonde P, Laurent P, Santarelli G, Abgrall M, Sortais Y, Bize S, Nicolas C, Zhang S, Clairon A, Dimarcq N, Petit P, Mann A G, Luiten A N, Chang S, Salomon C 2001 (Luiten A N ed) Frequency Measurement and Control: Advanced Techniques and Future Trends (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg) pp131-153
[3]	Metcalf J H, van der Straten P 1999 Laser Cooling and Trapping (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg) pp71-175
[4]	Chu S 1998 Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 685
[5]	Cohen-Tannoudji C 1998 Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 707
[6]	Phillips D W 1998 Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 721
[7]	Kasevich A M, Riis E, Chu S, Devoe G R 1989 Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 612
[8]	Gibble K, Chu S 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1771
[9]	Clairon A, Salomon C, Guellati S, Phillips D W 1991 Europhys. Lett. 16 165
[10]	Lett D P, Watts N R, Westbrook I C, Phillips D W, Gould L P, Metcalf J H 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 169
[11]	Dalibard J, Cohen-Tannoudji C 1989 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6 2023
[12]	Clarion A, Laurent P, Stantarelli G, Ghezali S, Lea S, Bahoura M 1995 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44 128
[13]	Clarion A, Stantarelli G, Laurent P, Ghezali S, Lea S, Bahoura M, Simon E, Weyers S, Szymaniec K 1996 Proceedings of Fifth Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology Woods Hole, USA, October 15-19, 1995 p49
[14]	Bize S 2001 Ph. D. Dissertation (Paris: Bureau National de Métrologie)
[15]	Vian C, Rosenbusch P, Marion H, Bize S, Cacciapuoti L, Zhang S, Abgrall M 2005 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54 833
[16]	Jefferts S R, Shirley J, Parker T E, Heavner T P, Meekhof D M, Nelson C, Levi F, Costanzo G, de Marchi A, Drullinger R, Hollberg L, Lee W D, Walls F L 2002 Metrologia 39 321
[17]	Heavner T P, Jefferts S R, Donley E A, Shirley J H, Parker T E 2005 Metrologia 42 411
[18]	Ekstrom C, Peil S, Swanson T, Crane S 2009 Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium Pacific Grove, USA, October 5-11, 2008 p308
[19]	Peil S, Crane S, Hanssen J, Swanson T B 2011 Proceedings of Frequency Control and the European Frequency and Time Forum San Francisco, USA, May 2-5, 2011 6567 p1
[20]	Weyers S, Huebner U, Schroeder R, Tamm C, Bauch A 2001 Metrologia 38 343
[21]	Gerginov V, Nemitz N, Weyers S, Schröder R, Griebsch D, Wynands R 2010 Metrologia 47 65
[22]	Szymaniec K, Chalupczak W, Whibberley P B, Lea S N, Henderson D 2005 Metrologia 42 49
[23]	Szymaniec K, Park S E, Marra G, Chałupczak W 2010 Metrologia 47 363
[24]	Ovchinnikov Y, Marra G 2011 Metrologia 48 87
[25]	Levi F, Calonico D, Lorini L, Godone A 2006 Metrologia 43 545
[26]	Kumagai M, Ito H, Kajita M, Hosokawa M 2008 Metrologia 45 139
[27]	Li T C 2006 Acta Metrol. Sin. 27 1 (in Chinese) [李天初 2006 计量学报 27 1]
[28]	Fang F, Li M S, Lin P W, Chen W L, Liu N F, Lin Y G, Wang P, Liu K, Suo R, Li T C 2015 Metrologia 52 454
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