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For an electronic system operation under the conditions of all-weather in arid and semiarid areas, the studies of the attenuation and multiple scattering are necessary for electromagnetic wave propagations in sand and dust atmosphere. Based on Mie theory, a method of calculating the attenuations for electromagnetic wave propagation through sand and dust atmosphere is presented in this paper, which relate to the particle size distributions and visibilities for sand and dust atmosphere. The attenuations at 37 GHz are given for various visibilities, and are compared with the results calculated from other formulas and the experimental data from the literature. The attenuations are closer to the experimental results. In order to investigate into electromagnetic wave propagations in lower visibility sand and dust atmosphere, the multiple scattering in sand and dust storms are necessarily analyzed. At 37 and 93 GHz, the extinction cross sections, albedos and asymmetry factors are calculated by Mie theory for various size sand and dust particles. By the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method, the attenuations for including the multiple scattering effects are calculated under the conditions of dry and 5% water content in sand and dust particles, respectively, and are compared with the results from Mie theory. The results are shown that the difference between the attenuation obtained by Mie and that by MC is small at 37 GHz. The influence of the multiple scattering on attenuation is small and may be ignored at 37 GHz. At 93 GHz, the difference between the attenuation obtained by Mie and that by MC is clear, and the attenuation obtained by using Mc simulation is smaller than that based on Mie theory. The effect of the multiple scattering on attenuation is evident at 93 GHz. The lower the visibility, the more notable the effect on attenuation is. For different sand and dust storms, the particle refractive indexes and the particle size distributions are different. For the sand and dust storms in Tengger desert and the blowing sand and dust atmosphere in north China, the attenuations at 93 GHz are analysed. In Tengger desert, the attenuation and the multiple scattering are larger than in blowing sand and dust atmosphere. The results show that the more the large size particles in sand and dust storms, the stronger the effect multiple scattering on attenuation is. Hence, for stronger sand and dust storms, the attenuation and the effect of multiple scattering become important. With the increase of water content in particle, the imaginary part of refractive index increases, the attenuation greatly increases, and the effect of the multiple scattering on attenuation is weakly varied. The analyses show that the attenuations for electromagnetic wave propagation in arid sand and dust atmosphere are smaller than in moisture sand and dust atmosphere under the condition of the same visibility.
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Keywords:
- electromagnetic wave /
- sand and dust atmosphere /
- attenuation /
- multiple scattering
[1] Chu T S 1979 Bell Syst. Tech. J. 58 549
[2] Ahmed A S, Ali A A, Alhaider M A 1987 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. GH-25 593
[3] Ahmed A S 1987 IEE Proc. 134 55
[4] Sihvola A H, Kong J A 1988 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 26 420
[5] Zhou W, Zhou D F, Hou D T, Hu T, Weng L W 2005 High Power Laser and Partical Beams 17 1259 (in Chinese) [周旺, 周东方, 侯德亭, 胡涛, 翁凌雯 2005 强激光与粒子束 17 第1259页]
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[8] Yang R K, Li L, Ma H H 2013 Indian J. Radio and Space Phys. 42 404
[9] Yang R K, Ma C L, Li L C 2007 Chin. J. Lasers 34 1393 (in Chinese) [杨瑞科, 马春林, 李良超 2007 中国激光 34 第1393页]
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[14] Dong Q F, Li Y L, Xu J D, Zhang H, Wang M J 2013 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 61 910
[15] Wu L H, Zhang J, Fan Z G, Gao J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 114201 (in Chinese) [吴良海, 张俊, 范之国, 高隽 2014 63 114201]
[16] Islam M R, Elsheikh E, Ismail A F, Bashir S O, Chebil J 2014 Fifth International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Sept. 23-25, 2014 p224
[17] Oguchi T 1983 Proc. IEEE 71 1029
[18] Ansari A J, Evans B G 1982 IEE Proc. 129 315
[19] Chen H Y, Ku C C 2012 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 60 2951
[20] Goldhirsh J 1982 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 30 1121
[21] Elabdin Z E O, Islam M R, Khalifa O O, Abd-EI-Raouf H E 2009 PIER M 6 139
[22] Alhaider M A, Ali A A 1989 Sixth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation Coventry United Kingdom, April 4-7, 1989 p268
[23] Nie Z P, Fang D G 2009 Modeling of Electromagnetic Scattering Characteristics for Target and Environment (first edition) pp323-327 (Beijing: Defense Industrial Press) (in Chinese) [聂在平, 方大纲 2009 目标与环境电磁散射特性建模(第一版) (北京:国防工业出版社) 第 323-372 页]
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[1] Chu T S 1979 Bell Syst. Tech. J. 58 549
[2] Ahmed A S, Ali A A, Alhaider M A 1987 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. GH-25 593
[3] Ahmed A S 1987 IEE Proc. 134 55
[4] Sihvola A H, Kong J A 1988 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 26 420
[5] Zhou W, Zhou D F, Hou D T, Hu T, Weng L W 2005 High Power Laser and Partical Beams 17 1259 (in Chinese) [周旺, 周东方, 侯德亭, 胡涛, 翁凌雯 2005 强激光与粒子束 17 第1259页]
[6] Dong Q S 1997 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 12 15 (in Chinese) [董庆生 1997 电波科学学报 12 15]
[7] Yang R K, Jian D J, Yao R H 2007 J. Xidian Univ. 34 953 (in Chinese) [杨瑞科, 鉴佃军, 姚荣辉 2007 西安电子科技大学学报 34 953]
[8] Yang R K, Li L, Ma H H 2013 Indian J. Radio and Space Phys. 42 404
[9] Yang R K, Ma C L, Li L C 2007 Chin. J. Lasers 34 1393 (in Chinese) [杨瑞科, 马春林, 李良超 2007 中国激光 34 第1393页]
[10] Wang H X, Zhu Y Z, Tian T, Li A J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 024214 (in Chinese) [王红霞, 竹有章, 田涛, 李爱军 2013 62 024214]
[11] Wang H H, Sun X M 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 054204
[12] Dong X Y, Chen H Y, Guo D H 2011 IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10 469
[13] Alhuwaimel S, Mishra A, Inggs M 2013 Proceeding of 2012 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Application (ICEAA) Cape Town, South Africa, IEEE Sept. 2-7, 2012 p1096
[14] Dong Q F, Li Y L, Xu J D, Zhang H, Wang M J 2013 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 61 910
[15] Wu L H, Zhang J, Fan Z G, Gao J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 114201 (in Chinese) [吴良海, 张俊, 范之国, 高隽 2014 63 114201]
[16] Islam M R, Elsheikh E, Ismail A F, Bashir S O, Chebil J 2014 Fifth International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Sept. 23-25, 2014 p224
[17] Oguchi T 1983 Proc. IEEE 71 1029
[18] Ansari A J, Evans B G 1982 IEE Proc. 129 315
[19] Chen H Y, Ku C C 2012 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 60 2951
[20] Goldhirsh J 1982 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 30 1121
[21] Elabdin Z E O, Islam M R, Khalifa O O, Abd-EI-Raouf H E 2009 PIER M 6 139
[22] Alhaider M A, Ali A A 1989 Sixth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation Coventry United Kingdom, April 4-7, 1989 p268
[23] Nie Z P, Fang D G 2009 Modeling of Electromagnetic Scattering Characteristics for Target and Environment (first edition) pp323-327 (Beijing: Defense Industrial Press) (in Chinese) [聂在平, 方大纲 2009 目标与环境电磁散射特性建模(第一版) (北京:国防工业出版社) 第 323-372 页]
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