Recent progress of tunable terahertz sources based on difference frequency generation

Chai Lu; Niu Yue; Li Yan-Feng; Hu Ming-Lie; Wang Qing-Yue

doi:10.7498/aps.65.070702

Abstract

Terahertz technology has been developed rapidly in the past 30 years. Numerous applications in medicine, biology, agriculture, materials, security, communication and astronomy have been demonstrated. Terahertz sources can be divided into narrowband (monochromatic) source and broadband source according to their spectral characteristics. From a spectral perspective, coherent broadband and narrowband terahertz sources are mutually complementary, each having its own characteristics and scope of applications. Broadband terahertz sources can be used for quick access to the hybrid spectra of rotational and vibrational molecular fingerprints or imaging in a wider spectral range. Narrowband terahertz source with good spectral resolution and sensitivity, is suitable for pump-probe, fine structure resolution of molecular fingerprints and terahertz remote detection and imaging. Therefore, developing the tunable high peak power and narrowband terahertz sources is very important for the applications in the detection and identification of molecular fingerprints. The difference frequency generation is one of the most important techniques for obtaining widely tunable, high power and narrowband terahertz sources. In this review, the recent progress of tunable terahertz sources based on the difference frequency generation in the last five years is reviewed, including the two fields of optical laser-based difference frequency sources and quantum cascade laser-based difference frequency sources. For the former class, the experimental results from reports with different difference frequency sources and several typical nonlinear crystals are classified, and the corresponding experimental techniques and results are introduced. For terahertz wave generation, different optical difference frequency sources by a dual-wavelength laser, double laser, a laser and an optical parametric oscillator (OPO), the signal and idler waves of an OPO, and double OPOs are demonstrated in increasing their tunabilities. Significant progress has been made in the nonlinear crystals used to generate terahertz wave by the difference frequency process, for example, by improving the property of inorganic crystals with ion doping, taking advantage of waveguide and PPLN structures, and especially developing novel nonlinear organic crystals. For the quantum cascade laser-based difference frequency sources, the latest advances in the techniques of difference frequency generation and wavelength tunability are presented. GaAs-based terahertz quantum cascade lasers are powerful semiconductor THz sources but cryogenic cooling is still a necessity. Recently, difference frequency generation was combined with the mid-infrared quantum cascade laser technology, thus becoming a leading room temperature semiconductor source in the terahertz range. To improve the frequency tuning range in the difference frequency terahertz quantum cascade laser, wavelength tuning techniques of the inner cavity and the external cavity have been developed. The difference frequency generation quantum cascade terahertz laser source has been the only technique workable at room temperature for the quantum cascade laser so far, which opens the door for developing the compact and widely tunable room temperature terahertz sources.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Ultrafast Laser Laboratory, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information and Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, China

Corresponding author: Chai Lu, lu_chai@tju.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2011CB808101, 2014CB339800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61377041, 61377047, 61322502), and the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University, China (Grant No. IRT13033).

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Cited By

[1]	Zhang X C, Xu J Z 2010 Introduction to THz Wave (New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC) pp6-20
[2]	Jepsen P U, Cooke D G, Koch M 2011 Laser Photon. Rev. 5 124
[3]	Shumyatsky P, Alfano R R 2011 J. Biomed. Opt. 16 033001
[4]	Leyman R, Bazieva N, Kruezek T, Sokolovskii G S, Rafailov E U 2012 Rec. Patents Signal Proc. 2 12
[5]	Hwang H Y, Fleischer S, Brandt N C, Perkins Jr B G, Liu M, Fan K, Sternbach A, Zhang X, Averitt R D, Nelson K A 2015 J. Mod. Opt. 62 1447
[6]	Zuo J, Zhang L L, Gong C, Zhang C L 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 010704 (in Chinese) [左剑, 张亮亮, 巩辰, 张存林 2016 65 010704]
[7]	Ding Y J 2014 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31 2696
[8]	Yang P F, Yao J Q, Bing B B, Di Z G 2011 Laser Infrared 41 125 (in Chinese) [杨鹏飞, 姚键铨, 邴丕彬, 邸志刚2011激光与红外 41 125]
[9]	Ding Y J, Zhao P, Li D 2011 J. Phys. 414 012003
[10]	Ding Y J, Zhao P, Ragam S, Li D, Zotova I B 2011 Chin. Opt. Lett. 9 110004
[11]	Zhang Y P, Wu Z X, Shen D L, Liu M, Yin Y H, Zhang H Y, Zhong K, Yao J Q 2014 Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 51 152 (in Chinese) [张玉萍, 吴志心, 申端龙, 刘蒙, 尹贻恒, 张会云, 钟凯, 姚建铨 2014 激光与光电子学进展 51 152]
[12]	Razeghi M, Lu Q Y, Bandyopadhyay N, Zhou W, Heydari D, Bai Y, Slivken S 2015 Opt. Express 23 8462
[13]	Vitiello M S, Scalari G, Williams B, de Natale P 2015 Opt. Express 23 5167
[14]	Jung S Y, Jiang Y F, Vijayraghavan K, Jiang A T, Demmerle F, Boehm G, Wang X J, Troccoli M, Amann M C, Belkin M A 2015 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 21 1200710
[15]	Lu Y Z, Wang X B, Miao L, Zuo D L, Cheng Z H 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 034201
[16]	Rao Z, Wang X, Lu Y 2011 Opt. Commun. 284 5472
[17]	Lu Y, Wang X, Miao L, Zuo D, Cheng Z 2011 Appl. Phys. B 103 387
[18]	Li C Y, Bo Y, Xu J L, Tian C Y, Peng Q J, Cui D F, Xu Z Y 2011 Opt. Commun. 284 4574
[19]	Zhang J X, Han L, Wu Y, Zong N, Fu P Z, Wang B S, Zhang G C, Xu Z Y, Wu Y C 2011 Appl. Phys. B 103 853
[20]	Pallas F, Herault E, Zhou J, Roux J F, Vitrant G 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 241113
[21]	Nawata K, Sato A, Asai K, Ito H, Minamide H 2011 International Conference on Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals and Applications Kauai, USA, July 17-22, 2011 pNMC1
[22]	Nawata K, Abe T, Miyake Y, Sato A, Asai K, Ito H, Minamide H 2012 Appl. Phys. Express 5 112401
[23]	Zhong K, Sun C L, Yao J Q, Xu D G, Xie X Y, Cao X L, Zhang Q L, Luo J Q, Sun D L, Yin S T 2013 IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 49 375
[24]	Yang Q, Huo Y J, Duan Y S, Zhang Y Y 2013 Acta Opt. Sin. 33 0514002 (in Chinese) [杨清, 霍玉晶, 段玉生, 张艳艳 2013 光学学报 33 0514002]
[25]	Angeluts A A, Bezotosnyi V V, Cheshev E A, Goltsman G N, Finkel M I, Seliverstov S V, Evdokimov M N, Gorbunkov M V, Kitaeva G Kh, Koromyslov A L, Kostryukov P V, Krivonos M S, Lobanov Yu V, Shkurinov A P, Sarkisov S Yu, Tunkin V G 2014 Laser Phys. Lett. 11 015004
[26]	Zhao P, Ragam S, Ding Y J, Zotova I B 2012 International Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) San Jose, USA, May 6-11, 2012 pQF3G.2
[27]	Ding Y Q, Liu Y, Qi Y F, Zhang L, Guo B L, Wang R, Zhou J, Chen G H 2015 Appl. Opt. 54 6616
[28]	Tang M, Minamide H, Wang Y Y, Notake T, Ohno S, Ito H 2011 Opt. Express 19 779
[29]	Leyman R, Nikitichev D I, Bazieva N, Rafailov E U 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 171107
[30]	Zhao P, Ragam S, Ding Y J, Zotova I B 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 4818
[31]	Zhao P, Ragam S, Ding Y J, Zotova I B 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 131106
[32]	Men S J, Liu Z J, Cong Z H, Li Y F, Zhang X Y 2015 Opt. Laser Technol. 68 48
[33]	Majkic A, Zgonik M, Petelin A, Jazbinšek M, Ruiz B, Medrano C, Gunter P 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 141115
[34]	Saito K, Tanabe T, Oyama Y 2012 Opt. Photon. J. 2 201
[35]	Lin X M, Wang L, Ding Y J 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 3687
[36]	Petersen E B, Shi W, Chavez-Pirson A, Peyghambarian N, Cooney A T 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 121119
[37]	Malinowski A, Lin D, Alam S U, Zhang Z, Ibsen M, Young J, Wright P, Ozanyan K, Stringer M, Miles R E, Richardson D J 2012 Laser Phys. Lett. 9 350
[38]	Paul J R, Scheller M, Laurain A, Young A, Koch S W, Moloney J 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 3654
[39]	Sasaki T, Tanabe T, Nishizawa J I 2014 Opt. Photon. J. 4 8
[40]	Kiessling J, Fuchs F, Buse K, Breunig I 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 4375
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[42]	Huang J G, Huang Z M, Tong J C, Ouyang C, Chu J H, Andreev Y, Kokh K, Lanskii G, Shaiduko A 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 081104
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[50]	Notake T, Nawata K, Kawamata H, Matsukawa T, Qi F, Minamide H 2012 Opt. Express 20 25850
[51]	Uchida H, Tripathi S R, Suizu K, Shibuya T, Osumi T, Kawase K 2013 Appl. Phys. B 111 489
[52]	Fan S Z, Qi F, Notake T, Nawata K, Takida Y, Matsukawa T, Minamide H 2015 Opt. Express 23 7611
[53]	Zhao P, Ragam S, Wang L, Ding Y J, Zotova I B, Mu X, Lee H C, Meissner S K, Meissner H 2012 International Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) San Jose, USA, May 6-11, 2012 pCTu1B.8
[54]	Ding Y J 2015 J. Phys.: Conference Series 594 012012
[55]	Liu P X, Xu D G, Li Y, Zhang X Y, Wang Y Y, Yao J Q, Wu Y C 2014 Europhys. Lett. 106 60001
[56]	Jin Y W, Cristescu S M, Harren F J M, Mandon J 2015 Opt. Express 23 20418
[57]	Dolasinski B, Powers P E, Haus J W, Cooney A 2015 Opt. Express 23 3669
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[61]	Huang Y C, Wang T D, Lin Y H, Lee C H, Chuang M Y, Lin Y Y, Lin F Y 2011 Opt. Express 19 24577
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[63]	Chen T, Sun J Q, Li L S, Tang J G 2012 J. Lightwave Tech. 30 2156
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Vol. 65, Issue 7 - 2016-04-05

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