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Deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (K(DxH1-x) 2PO4) crystals with different deuteration levels (x=0, 0.51, 0.85) were grown by conventional cooling method from deuterated solutions at Shandong University. Positron annihilation spectroscopy has been widely used to the study on micro-defects of semiconductors and other materials, which is very sensitive to the crystal structure, defect types, defect concentrations, and so on. In this paper, positron annihilation spectroscopies (positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and Doppler broadening spectroscopy), combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to investigate micro-defects characterization in K(DxH1-x) 2PO4 crystals. Influences of deuteration degree on the crystal structure characteristics, defect types and concentrations are discussed. It can be concluded from XRD experiments that the lattice parameters of a and b increase with the increase in deuteration levels, while no obvious change occurs on the lattice parameter c. KH2PO4(KDP) crystals at low deuteration level and high deuteration level could be regarded as low deuterium-doped KDP crystal and low hydrogen-doped DKDP crystal respectively. It is indicated that the higher the replacement ratio in the crystals, the weaker the diffraction peak they show. Positron annihilation lifetimes increase clearly in the highly-deuterated KDP crystals. It is found that neutral interstitial defects and oxygen defects in the KDP crystal increase with increasing deuteration degree. And these types of defects can be attributed to lattice distortion effect. From positron annihilation lifetime results we can arrive at another conclusion that the compound defects will form and defects concentration is declined, when hydrogen vacancies, K vacancies and substitutional impurity defects continue to react by means of association reactions. These phenomena suggest that high deuteration plays a significant role in promoting association reaction of internal defects in the crystals. Furthermore, the polymerization reaction of the clusters and micro-cavities continue to occur, therefore defect concentrations will show a constant decrease. Doppler broadening spectra show that the internal defects in the crystals increase integrally with an increase of deuteration level; this agrees well with the results of positron annihilation lifetime. Moreover, Doppler broadening spectra indicate that the proportional change of these defects is synchronous and consistent with the actuality. To sum up, our experimental results suggest that the defect reaction is weak in low degree of KDP crystal deuteration growth (less than 50%), while reaction is enhanced in the high degree of deuteration growth (higher than 50%).
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Keywords:
- positron annihilation /
- KH2PO4 crystal /
- deuteration /
- micro defects
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[2] Guo D C, Jiang X D, Huang J, Xiang X, Wang F R, Liu H J, Zhou X D, Zu X T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 147803 (in Chinese) [郭德成, 蒋晓东, 黄进, 向霞, 王凤蕊, 刘红婕, 周信达, 祖小涛 2013 62 147803]
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[5] De Yoreo J J, Burnham A K, Whitman P K 2002 Int Mater Rev 47 113
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[7] Matos O M, Torchia G A, Bilmes G M, Tocho J O 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 224102
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[9] Duchateau G, Geoffroy G, Dyan A, Piombini H, Guizard S 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 075114
[10] Chirila M M, Garces N Y, Halliburton L E, Demos S G, Land T A, Radousky H B 2003 Journal Of Applied Physics 94 6456
[11] Wang K P, Hang Y 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 077401
[12] Wang S J, Chen Z Q, Wang B, Wu Y C, Fang P F, Zhang Y X 2008 Applied Positron Spectroscopy (Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press) p137 (in Chinese) [王少阶, 陈志权, 王波, 吴弈初, 方鹏飞, 张永学 2008 应用正电子谱学 (武汉: 湖北科学技术出版社) 第137页]
[13] Wu Y C, Zhang X H 2000 Physics 29 401 (in Chinese) [吴奕初, 张晓红 2000 物理 29 401]
[14] Li C H, Ju X, Jiang X D, Huang J, Zhou X D, Zheng Z, Wu W D, Zheng W G, Li Z X, Wang B Y, Yu X H 2011 Optics Express 19 6439
[15] Hao Y P, Chen X L, Cheng B, Kong W, Xu H X, Du H J, Ye B J 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2789 (in Chinese) [郝颖萍, 陈祥磊, 成斌, 孔伟, 许红霞, 杜淮江, 叶邦角 2010 59 2789]
[16] Zhang L J, Wang T, Wang L H, Liu J D, Zhao M L, Ye B J 2012 Scripta Materialia 67 61
[17] Zhang L J, Wang L H, Liu J D, Li Q, Cheng B, Zhang J, An R, Zhao M L, Ye B J 2012 Acta Phys Sin. 61 237805 (in Chinese) [张丽娟, 王力海, 刘建党, 李强, 成斌, 张杰, 安然, 赵明磊, 叶邦角 2012 61 237805]
[18] Liu B A, Yin X, Sun X, Xu M X, Ji S H, Xu X G, Zhang J F 2012 Journal of Applied Crystallograph 45 439
[19] Liu B A 2013 Ph. Dissertation D (Jinan: Shandong University) (in Chinese) [刘宝安 2013 博士学位论文 (济南: 山东大学)]
[20] Kansy J 1996 Nucl. Instr. and Meth. Phys. Res. A 374 235
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[1] Zhang K C, Wang X M 1996 Nonlinear Optical Crystal Materials Science (Beijing: Science Press) p93 (in Chinese) [张可从, 王希敏 1996 非线性光学晶体材料科学 (北京:科学出版社) 第93页]
[2] Guo D C, Jiang X D, Huang J, Xiang X, Wang F R, Liu H J, Zhou X D, Zu X T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 147803 (in Chinese) [郭德成, 蒋晓东, 黄进, 向霞, 王凤蕊, 刘红婕, 周信达, 祖小涛 2013 62 147803]
[3] Jiang M H 1993 Progress In Phsics 13 14 (in Chinese) [蒋民华 1993 物理学进展 13 14]
[4] Zaitseva N, Carman L 2001 Rrog Cryst Growth Charact Mate 43 1
[5] De Yoreo J J, Burnham A K, Whitman P K 2002 Int Mater Rev 47 113
[6] Liu C S, Kioussis N 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 505
[7] Matos O M, Torchia G A, Bilmes G M, Tocho J O 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 224102
[8] Demos S G, Staggs M, Radousky H B 2003 Phys. Rev. B 67 224102
[9] Duchateau G, Geoffroy G, Dyan A, Piombini H, Guizard S 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 075114
[10] Chirila M M, Garces N Y, Halliburton L E, Demos S G, Land T A, Radousky H B 2003 Journal Of Applied Physics 94 6456
[11] Wang K P, Hang Y 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 077401
[12] Wang S J, Chen Z Q, Wang B, Wu Y C, Fang P F, Zhang Y X 2008 Applied Positron Spectroscopy (Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press) p137 (in Chinese) [王少阶, 陈志权, 王波, 吴弈初, 方鹏飞, 张永学 2008 应用正电子谱学 (武汉: 湖北科学技术出版社) 第137页]
[13] Wu Y C, Zhang X H 2000 Physics 29 401 (in Chinese) [吴奕初, 张晓红 2000 物理 29 401]
[14] Li C H, Ju X, Jiang X D, Huang J, Zhou X D, Zheng Z, Wu W D, Zheng W G, Li Z X, Wang B Y, Yu X H 2011 Optics Express 19 6439
[15] Hao Y P, Chen X L, Cheng B, Kong W, Xu H X, Du H J, Ye B J 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2789 (in Chinese) [郝颖萍, 陈祥磊, 成斌, 孔伟, 许红霞, 杜淮江, 叶邦角 2010 59 2789]
[16] Zhang L J, Wang T, Wang L H, Liu J D, Zhao M L, Ye B J 2012 Scripta Materialia 67 61
[17] Zhang L J, Wang L H, Liu J D, Li Q, Cheng B, Zhang J, An R, Zhao M L, Ye B J 2012 Acta Phys Sin. 61 237805 (in Chinese) [张丽娟, 王力海, 刘建党, 李强, 成斌, 张杰, 安然, 赵明磊, 叶邦角 2012 61 237805]
[18] Liu B A, Yin X, Sun X, Xu M X, Ji S H, Xu X G, Zhang J F 2012 Journal of Applied Crystallograph 45 439
[19] Liu B A 2013 Ph. Dissertation D (Jinan: Shandong University) (in Chinese) [刘宝安 2013 博士学位论文 (济南: 山东大学)]
[20] Kansy J 1996 Nucl. Instr. and Meth. Phys. Res. A 374 235
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