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This paper gives a general n-order character functional, and uses the quantitative causal principle to derive the general variational principle; furthermore the Euler-Lagrange equation and conservative quantities for a general n-order character functional are derived, and the link between the principle of relativity and the quantitative causal principle is revealed. Newton's first, second, and third laws are then derived, but the third laws is also regarded as a new law: it is a theorem that force is zero in translational invariance, and its general physical meaning in classic mechanics is revealed. The results obtained have been successful applied to the galaxy gravitational potential correction, molecular potential, quark confinement potential, etc., and the results are consistent with the physical experiments.
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Keywords:
- Euler-Lagrange equation /
- variational principle /
- principle of relativity /
- unity
[1] Huang Y C Mechanics Research Communications 30 567
[2] Huang Y C, Li X G 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 3473(in Chinese) [黄永畅, 李希国 2005 54 3473]
[3] Huang Y C, Li X G 2001 J. Nature 23 227(in Chinese) [黄永畅, 李希国 2001 自然杂志 23 227]
[4] Yuan F F, Huang Y C 2013 Classical and Quantum Gravity 30 195008
[5] Ding G T 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 3620(in Chinese) [丁光涛 2009 58 3620]
[6] Huang Y C, Huang C 2010 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 49 2320
[7] Huang Y C, Lee X G, Shao M X 2006 Modern Physics Letters A 21 1107
[8] Huang C, Huang Y C 2011 Physics Letters A 375 271
[9] Huang Y C, Liao L, Lee X G 2009 The European Physical Journal C 60 481
[10] Moore E N 1983 Theoretical Mechanics (New York: Wiley)
[11] Fetter A L, Walecka J D 1980 Theoretical Mechanics of Particles and Continua (New York: McGraw-Hill, International series in pure and applied physics)
[12] Mei F X 1991 Advanced Analytical Mechanics (Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press) (in Chinese) [梅凤翔1991高等分析力学(北京: 北京理工大学出版社)]
[13] Chetaev N G 1989 Theoretical Mechanics (Moscow: Mir Publishers)
[14] Georgi H, Glashow S L 1974 Physical Review Letters 32 438
[15] Chen B 1987 Analytical Dynamics (Beijing: Peking University Press ) (in Chinese) [陈斌1987分析动力学(北京: 北京大学出版社)]
[16] Wu D J 2013 Modern cosmology (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) (in Chinese) [吴大江2013现代宇宙学(北京: 清华大学出版社)]
[17] Nash C, Sen S 1983 Topology and Geometry for Physicists (London: Academic Press)
[18] Pars L A 1965 A Treatise on Analytical Dynamics (London: Heinemann)
[19] Rosenberg R M 1977 Analytical Dynamics of Discrete Systems (New York & London: Plenum)
[20] Huang Y C, Jiang Y G, Lee X G 2007 Science in China G 50 339
[21] Zou P C, Huang Y C 2012 Physics Letters A 376 3575
[22] Peng Q H 1979 Chinese Science 3 274
[23] Tong Y 1981 Astronomical Journal 22 285
[24] Zheng X T, Tong Y 1984 Astronomical Journal 25 285
[25] Liao L, Huang Y C 2007 Physical Review D 75 025025
[26] Eichten E, Gottfried K, Kinoshita T, Lane K D, Yan T M 1980 Phys. Rev. D 21 203
[27] Liao L, Huang Y C 2007 Annals of Physics 322 2469
[28] Huang Y C, Yu C X 2007 Physical Review D 75 044011
[29] Yu C X, Huang Y C 2007 Physics Letters B 647 49
[30] Zhu Z, Yu H R 1997 Molecular structure and molecular potential energy function (Beijing: Science Press)
[31] Huang Y C, Huo Q H 2008 Physics Letters B 662 290
[32] Huang Y C, Yang J L 2008 Physics Letters B 668 438
[33] Huang Y C, Yi L X 2010 Annals of Physics 325 2140
[34] Zhou B H, Huang Y C 2011 Physical Review D 84 047701
[35] Zhou B H, Huang Y C 2011 Physical Review A 84 032505
[36] Zhang Z L, Huang Y C 2014 Annals of Physics 342 143
[37] Zhang M L, Sun X T, Wang X X 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 110202
[38] Jia L Q, Zhang M L, Wang X X 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 070204
[39] Xue Y, Weng D W, Chen L Q 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 044601(in Chinese) [薛纭, 翁德玮, 陈立群 2013 62 044601]
[40] Chen X W, Mei F X 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 40204
[41] Huang W L, Cai J L 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 110203
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[1] Huang Y C Mechanics Research Communications 30 567
[2] Huang Y C, Li X G 2005 Acta Phys. Sin. 54 3473(in Chinese) [黄永畅, 李希国 2005 54 3473]
[3] Huang Y C, Li X G 2001 J. Nature 23 227(in Chinese) [黄永畅, 李希国 2001 自然杂志 23 227]
[4] Yuan F F, Huang Y C 2013 Classical and Quantum Gravity 30 195008
[5] Ding G T 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 3620(in Chinese) [丁光涛 2009 58 3620]
[6] Huang Y C, Huang C 2010 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 49 2320
[7] Huang Y C, Lee X G, Shao M X 2006 Modern Physics Letters A 21 1107
[8] Huang C, Huang Y C 2011 Physics Letters A 375 271
[9] Huang Y C, Liao L, Lee X G 2009 The European Physical Journal C 60 481
[10] Moore E N 1983 Theoretical Mechanics (New York: Wiley)
[11] Fetter A L, Walecka J D 1980 Theoretical Mechanics of Particles and Continua (New York: McGraw-Hill, International series in pure and applied physics)
[12] Mei F X 1991 Advanced Analytical Mechanics (Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press) (in Chinese) [梅凤翔1991高等分析力学(北京: 北京理工大学出版社)]
[13] Chetaev N G 1989 Theoretical Mechanics (Moscow: Mir Publishers)
[14] Georgi H, Glashow S L 1974 Physical Review Letters 32 438
[15] Chen B 1987 Analytical Dynamics (Beijing: Peking University Press ) (in Chinese) [陈斌1987分析动力学(北京: 北京大学出版社)]
[16] Wu D J 2013 Modern cosmology (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) (in Chinese) [吴大江2013现代宇宙学(北京: 清华大学出版社)]
[17] Nash C, Sen S 1983 Topology and Geometry for Physicists (London: Academic Press)
[18] Pars L A 1965 A Treatise on Analytical Dynamics (London: Heinemann)
[19] Rosenberg R M 1977 Analytical Dynamics of Discrete Systems (New York & London: Plenum)
[20] Huang Y C, Jiang Y G, Lee X G 2007 Science in China G 50 339
[21] Zou P C, Huang Y C 2012 Physics Letters A 376 3575
[22] Peng Q H 1979 Chinese Science 3 274
[23] Tong Y 1981 Astronomical Journal 22 285
[24] Zheng X T, Tong Y 1984 Astronomical Journal 25 285
[25] Liao L, Huang Y C 2007 Physical Review D 75 025025
[26] Eichten E, Gottfried K, Kinoshita T, Lane K D, Yan T M 1980 Phys. Rev. D 21 203
[27] Liao L, Huang Y C 2007 Annals of Physics 322 2469
[28] Huang Y C, Yu C X 2007 Physical Review D 75 044011
[29] Yu C X, Huang Y C 2007 Physics Letters B 647 49
[30] Zhu Z, Yu H R 1997 Molecular structure and molecular potential energy function (Beijing: Science Press)
[31] Huang Y C, Huo Q H 2008 Physics Letters B 662 290
[32] Huang Y C, Yang J L 2008 Physics Letters B 668 438
[33] Huang Y C, Yi L X 2010 Annals of Physics 325 2140
[34] Zhou B H, Huang Y C 2011 Physical Review D 84 047701
[35] Zhou B H, Huang Y C 2011 Physical Review A 84 032505
[36] Zhang Z L, Huang Y C 2014 Annals of Physics 342 143
[37] Zhang M L, Sun X T, Wang X X 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 110202
[38] Jia L Q, Zhang M L, Wang X X 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 070204
[39] Xue Y, Weng D W, Chen L Q 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 044601(in Chinese) [薛纭, 翁德玮, 陈立群 2013 62 044601]
[40] Chen X W, Mei F X 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 40204
[41] Huang W L, Cai J L 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 110203
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