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In the paper, a series of bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells using poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) (P3HT) as a donor and indene-C60 bisadduct (ICBA) as an accepter is fabricated. Effect of annealing process on the cell characteristics is investigated. It is found that the cell having a multiple temperature-step annealing can distinctly improve its photovoltaic performance. At the same time the multiple temperature-step annealing process can also significantly improve the life time of the device. The device maintains a stable performance without being encapsulated.
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Keywords:
- polymer solar cell /
- stability /
- temperature-step annealing /
- polarization
[1] Brabec C J, Durrant J R 2008 MRS. Bull. 33 670
[2] Hoppe H, Sariciftci N S 2006 J. Mater. Chem. 16 45
[3] Yu H Z, Peng J B, Liu J C 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 669 (in Chinese) [於黄忠, 彭俊彪, 刘金成 2009 58 669]
[4] Krebs F C 2009 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 465
[5] Krebs F C, Tromholt T, Jorgensen M 2010 Nanoscale 2 873
[6] Yang Q Q, Zhao S L, Zhang F J, Yan G, Kong C, Fan X, Zhang Y F, Xu X R 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 128402
[7] Verploegen E, Mondal R, Bettinger C J, Sork S, Tongey M F, Bao Z N 2010 Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 3519
[8] Mihailetchi V D, Xie H X, Boer B D, Koster L J A, Blom P W M 2006 Adv. Funct. Mater. 16 699
[9] AI-Ibrahim M, Ambacher O 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 201120
[10] Yang X N, Loos J, Veenstra S C, Verhees W J H, Wienk M M, Kroon J M, Michels M A J, Janssen R A J 2005 Nano Lett. 5 579
[11] Yang S P, Li N, Li G, Shi J B, Li X W, Fu G S 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 014702 (in Chinese) [杨少鹏, 李娜, 李光, 史江波, 李晓苇, 傅广生 2013 62 014702]
[12] He Z C, Zhong C M, Su S J, Xu M, Wu H B, Cao Y 2012 Nat. Photonics 190 1
[13] Li Q, Li H Q, Zhao J, Huang J, Yu J S 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 128803 (in Chinese) [李青, 李海强, 赵娟, 黄江, 于军胜 2013 62 128803]
[14] Yu H Z 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 027201 (in Chinese) [於黄忠 2013 62 027201]
[15] You J, Dou L, Yoshimura K, Kato T, Ohya K, Moriarty T, Emery K, Chen C C, Gao J, Li G 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1446
[16] Yu G, Zhang C, Heeger A J 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 1540
[17] Hauch J A, Schilinsky P, Choulis S A, Childers R, Biele M, Brabec C J 2008 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 727
[18] Manceau M, Chambon S, Rivaton A, Gardette J L, Guillerez S, Lemaître N 2010 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 1572
[19] Betancur R, Maymó M, Elias X, Vuong L T, Martorell J 2011 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 735
[20] Kumar P, Sharma A, Singh D P 2013 Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 21 950
[21] Li H, Li Y F, Wang J 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 033907
[22] Gallardo D E, Bertoni C, Dunn S, Gaponik N, Eychmller A 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 3364
[23] Matturro M G, Reynolds R P, Kastrup R V, Pictroski C F 1985 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108 2775
[24] Schafferhans J, Baumann A, Wagenpfahl A, Deibel C, Dyakonov V 2010 Org. Electron. 11 1693
[25] Liao H H, Yang C M, Liu C C, Horng S F, Meng H F, Shy J T 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 104506
[26] Chabinyc M L, Stree R A, Northrup J E 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 123508
[27] He Z, Davis F J, Olley R H, Mitchell G R 2001 Polymer 42 5351
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[1] Brabec C J, Durrant J R 2008 MRS. Bull. 33 670
[2] Hoppe H, Sariciftci N S 2006 J. Mater. Chem. 16 45
[3] Yu H Z, Peng J B, Liu J C 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 669 (in Chinese) [於黄忠, 彭俊彪, 刘金成 2009 58 669]
[4] Krebs F C 2009 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 465
[5] Krebs F C, Tromholt T, Jorgensen M 2010 Nanoscale 2 873
[6] Yang Q Q, Zhao S L, Zhang F J, Yan G, Kong C, Fan X, Zhang Y F, Xu X R 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 128402
[7] Verploegen E, Mondal R, Bettinger C J, Sork S, Tongey M F, Bao Z N 2010 Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 3519
[8] Mihailetchi V D, Xie H X, Boer B D, Koster L J A, Blom P W M 2006 Adv. Funct. Mater. 16 699
[9] AI-Ibrahim M, Ambacher O 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 201120
[10] Yang X N, Loos J, Veenstra S C, Verhees W J H, Wienk M M, Kroon J M, Michels M A J, Janssen R A J 2005 Nano Lett. 5 579
[11] Yang S P, Li N, Li G, Shi J B, Li X W, Fu G S 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 014702 (in Chinese) [杨少鹏, 李娜, 李光, 史江波, 李晓苇, 傅广生 2013 62 014702]
[12] He Z C, Zhong C M, Su S J, Xu M, Wu H B, Cao Y 2012 Nat. Photonics 190 1
[13] Li Q, Li H Q, Zhao J, Huang J, Yu J S 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 128803 (in Chinese) [李青, 李海强, 赵娟, 黄江, 于军胜 2013 62 128803]
[14] Yu H Z 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 027201 (in Chinese) [於黄忠 2013 62 027201]
[15] You J, Dou L, Yoshimura K, Kato T, Ohya K, Moriarty T, Emery K, Chen C C, Gao J, Li G 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1446
[16] Yu G, Zhang C, Heeger A J 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 1540
[17] Hauch J A, Schilinsky P, Choulis S A, Childers R, Biele M, Brabec C J 2008 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 727
[18] Manceau M, Chambon S, Rivaton A, Gardette J L, Guillerez S, Lemaître N 2010 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 1572
[19] Betancur R, Maymó M, Elias X, Vuong L T, Martorell J 2011 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 735
[20] Kumar P, Sharma A, Singh D P 2013 Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 21 950
[21] Li H, Li Y F, Wang J 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 033907
[22] Gallardo D E, Bertoni C, Dunn S, Gaponik N, Eychmller A 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 3364
[23] Matturro M G, Reynolds R P, Kastrup R V, Pictroski C F 1985 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108 2775
[24] Schafferhans J, Baumann A, Wagenpfahl A, Deibel C, Dyakonov V 2010 Org. Electron. 11 1693
[25] Liao H H, Yang C M, Liu C C, Horng S F, Meng H F, Shy J T 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 104506
[26] Chabinyc M L, Stree R A, Northrup J E 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 123508
[27] He Z, Davis F J, Olley R H, Mitchell G R 2001 Polymer 42 5351
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