月尘被动防护技术的最新研究进展

穆萌; 张海燕; 王晓; 李存惠; 张小平; 王明智; 朱应敏; 高立波; 赵呈选; 陆洋; 王卫东

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201517

摘要

月球的特殊环境使月尘具有导电等特殊的性质, 极易黏附在探测仪器上造成设备的失效, 给探月工程带来极大的危害, 因此国内外众多研究组针对月尘危害展开深入研究. 本文从黏附机理、防护方法和实验测试几方面对月尘的被动防护技术进行综述和展望. 首先, 阐述了月尘对探测设备造成的不利影响及影响因素, 进而具体论述月尘黏附的机理, 详细介绍造成黏附的两种主要作用力的理论基础. 然后, 针对不同作用机理系统阐述了降低月尘颗粒黏附力的主要方法, 对月尘被动防护技术的最新进展进行了总结. 最后, 结合防护方式的不同, 总结了测试月尘黏附力的方法, 从而为有效实现探测设备表面月尘防护奠定基础.

关键词:

Abstract

In lunar circumstances, lunar dust has special properties such as conductivity, which can cause lunar dust to easily adhere to the surface of detection equipment. And this behavior will cause the equipment to fail to function properly and thus affecting the lunar exploration missions. According to the researches of lunar dust protection, in this article the passive protection technology of lunar dust is mainly analyzed. Firstly, the lunar-dust caused adverse factors and effects on detection equipment are analyzed. Then the mechanism of lunar dust adhesion is studied, and the theoretical basis of the two main forces that cause adhesion is discussed. Secondly, the main methods of reducing the adhesion of lunar dust particles are systematically explained according to different adhesion mechanisms, and the latest progress of the passive protection technology of the lunar dust is introduced in detail. Combined with the different protection methods, the method of testing the adhesion of the lunar dust is summarized. These studies lay the foundation for effectively protecting the surface of detection equipment from being affected by the lunar dust.

Keywords:

PACS:

作者及机构信息

1.
西安电子科技大学机电工程学院, 西安　710071

2.
兰州空间技术物理研究所, 真空技术与物理重点实验室, 兰州　730000

3.
澳门科技大学, 月球与行星科学国家重点实验室, 澳门　999078

4.
港城大-西电微纳制造联合实验室, 深圳　518057

5.
香港城市大学机械工程系, 香港　999077

通信作者: 李存惠, licunhui@spacechina.com ; 王卫东, wangwd@mail.xidian.edu.cn

基金项目: 真空技术与物理重点实验室基金(批准号: HTKJ2019KL510007)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: 42004157, 12075108)和陕西省重点研发计划(批准号: 2020GY-252)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China

2.
Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China

3.
State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China

4.
CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen 518057, China

5.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China

Corresponding author: Li Cun-Hui, licunhui@spacechina.com ; Wang Wei-Dong, wangwd@mail.xidian.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Fund of the Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, China (Grant No. HTKJ2019KL510007), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42004157, 12075108), and the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2020GY-252)

文章全文

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图 1 Appllo任务中被月尘污染的宇航服　(a)宇航服整体污染情况; (b)宇航服局部污染情况^[7]

Fig. 1. Spacesuit contaminated by lunar dust during Apollo mission: (a) Overall pollution of spacesuit; (b) local contamination of spacesuit^[7].

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图 2 不同形貌的20 μm月尘颗粒扫描电子显微镜(SEM)暗场像^[12]

Fig. 2. Various surface and shape features of 20 μm lunar dust particles via scanning electron microscope (SEM)^[12].

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图 3 不同方式处理后的玻璃表面的黏附力　(a), (b)太阳能玻璃表面上的粒子组件的AFM图像; (c)用PDMS预处理的太阳能玻璃、太阳能玻璃、涂有纳米结构粒子组件的太阳能玻璃上的黏附力值; 在10个不同的区域进行测量, 值的误差小于10%, 灰色区域对应于将二氧化硅球从表面分离所需的能量^[27]

Fig. 3. Adhesion force of solar glass surface treated in different ways: (a), (b) AFM images of the particle assemblies on the solar glass surface; (c) adhesion force values on the surface of solar glass pretreated with PDMS, solar glass, and solar glass coated with nanostructured particle assemblies. Measurements were performed on ten different areas. The error in the values is less than 10%. The grey areas correspond to the energy required to separate a silica sphere from the surface^[27].

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图 4 纳米结构涂层的制备及表面特征　(a)纳米结构涂层的制备; (b)—(e)在700 °C进行2 h相分离处理后的涂层SEM图像, 其中(b)酸预处理后的表面图像; (c)酸蚀刻处理后的表面低倍率图像和(d)高倍率图像; (e)热处理后的涂层的SEM图像^[30]

Fig. 4. Preparation and surface characteristics of nanostructured coatings. (a) Preparation of the nanostructured coatings. (b)–(e) SEM images of coatings after phase separation treatment at 700 °C for 2 h: (b) Image of the surface after acid pretreatment; (c) low-magnification and (d) high-magnification images of the surface after acid etching treatment; (e) SEM image of the coating after heat treatment^[30].

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图 5 (a)接收样品、(b)喷砂样品和(c)研磨样品表面SEM图像; (d), (e), (f) EDX叠加在接收、喷砂、研磨样品的SEM图像; (g) 研磨样品(f)的高倍扫描电镜显微图; (h)涂Zn涂层的研磨样品截面图^[31]

Fig. 5. SEM micrographs taken from the surface of (a) as-received, (b) sand-blasted, and (c) ground samples. The EDX chemical concentration maps superimposed on the SEM images of the coated (d) as-received, (e) sand-blasted, and (f) ground surfaces. (g) Higher magnification SEM micrograph of the ground surface shown in (f). (h) SEM image showing the applied Zn coating cross-sectional view on the ground surface^[31].

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图 6 表面粗糙度值不同时AFM针尖和SiO₂球的附着力^[33]

Fig. 6. Adhesion of AFM tip and SiO₂ ball with different surface roughness values^[33].

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图 7 电容耦合放电等离子体中的刻蚀示意图

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of etching in capacitively coupled discharge plasma.

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图 8 具有自清洁和抗磨损的抗反射膜^[36]

Fig. 8. Anti-reflective film with self-cleaning and anti-wear^[36].

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图 9 不同激光功率强度及强度处理的聚酰亚胺表面的水接触角^[38]　(a) 7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm², 40%; (b) 7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm², 60%; (c) 7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm², 90%; (d)前进角7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm², 90%; (e)滞后角7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm², 90%; (f) 1.0 × 10⁶ W/cm², –40%; (g) 1.0 × 10⁶ W/cm², 0%; (h) 1.0 × 10⁶ W/cm², 40%

Fig. 9. Water contact angle of polyimide surface treated with different laser power intensities and overlaps: (a) 7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm² and 40%; (b) 7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm² and 60%; (c) 7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm² and 90%; (d) advancing angle at 7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm² and 90%; (e) receding angle at 7.7 × 10⁴ W/cm² and 90%; (f) 1.0 × 10⁶ W/cm² and –40%; (g) 1.0 × 10⁶ W/cm² and 0%; (h) 1.0 × 10⁶ W/cm² and 40%^[38].

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图 10 聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜表面形貌图^[41]　(a), (d), (g)原始PI薄膜的SEM, AFM, EDS图像; (b), (e), (h)使用KOH预处理后的PI薄膜的SEM, AFM, EDS图像; (c), (f), (i)使用GA-PEI进一步处理后的PI薄膜的SEM, AFM, EDS图像

Fig. 10. Surface topography of polyimide film^[41]: SEM images, AFM images and EDS spectra of (a), (d), (g) original PI film, (b), (e), (h) pre-modified PI film treated with KOH and (c), (f), (i) PI film further treated with GA-PEI.

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图 11 电沉积法制备的ITO (a) 和TiO₂/ITO (b)的涂层玻璃基底的FE-SEM图像^[45]

Fig. 11. FE-SEM images of ITO (a) and TiO₂/ITO (b) coated glass substrates prepared by electrodeposition for 5 min ^[45].

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图 12 采用(a)行波和(b)驻波的静电清洗系统原理图^[49]

Fig. 12. Schematic diagrams of the electrostatic cleaning systems that use a (a) traveling wave and (b) standing wave^[49].

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图 13 STF减缓粉尘渗入及EPG壳层织物的超疏水处理^[54]

Fig. 13. STF reduces dust penetration and super-hydrophobic treatment of EPG shell fabric^[54].

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图 14 表面月尘涂敷及“吹扫”过程^[58]

Fig. 14. Lunar dust coating and “purge” process^[58].

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图 15 几种不同的用于测颗粒黏附的离心管结构^[64-68]

Fig. 15. Several different centrifuge tube structures used to measure particle adhesion^[64-68].

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图 16 一种用于防尘测试的真空离心装置^[58]

Fig. 16. Vacuum centrifugal device for dustproof test^[58].

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图 17 表面处理前后样品表面灰尘吸附效果^[61]

Fig. 17. Dust adsorption effect on sample surface before and after surface treatment^[61].

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图 18 四相电帘在空气与真空环境下的除尘效果^[70]

Fig. 18. Dust removal effect of four-phase electric curtain in air and vacuum environment^[70].

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图 19 月球环境模拟装置LDAB^[63]

Fig. 19. Lunar Environment Simulator LDAB^[63].

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map

[1]	Zhang H, Wang Y, Chen L, Zhang H, Li C, Zhuang J, Li D, Wang Y, Yang S, Li X, Wang W 2020 Sci. China Ser. E: Technol. Sci. 63 520 Google Scholar
[2]	裴照宇, 侯军, 王琼 2020 红外与激光工程 49 19 Google Scholar Pei Z Y, Hou J, Wang Q 2020 Infrared Laser Eng. 49 19 Google Scholar
[3]	Gaier J R 2011 SAE Int. J. Aerosp. 4 279 Google Scholar
[4]	Mcallister F 1972 NASA Technical Report TN D-6737
[5]	Morea S F 1992 Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century Houston, USA, April 5–7, 1988 p619
[6]	Buhler C R, Calle C I, Clements J S, Mantovani J, Ritz M I 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference Big Sky, USA, March 3–10, 2007 p1
[7]	潘万竞 2016 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学) Pan W J 2016 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology) (in Chinese)
[8]	Sun Y, Liu J, Zheng Y, Xiao C, Wan B, Guo L, Wang X, Bo W 2017 J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 81 133 Google Scholar
[9]	Walton O R 2007 NASA Technical Report 214685
[10]	Berkebile S, Street K, Gaier J 2011 3rd AIAA Atmospheric Space Environments Conference Honolulu, USA, June 27–30, 2011 p3675
[11]	Greenberg P S, Chen D R, Smith S A 2007 NASA Technical Report 214956
[12]	Yang L, Jaesung P, Darren S, Eddy H, Lawrence A T 2008 J. Aerosp. Eng. 21 272 Google Scholar
[13]	Heavens N G, Richardson M I, Kleinböhl A 2011 J. Geophys. Res.Planets 4 116 Google Scholar
[14]	Grün E, Horanyi M, Sternovsky Z 2011 Planet. Space Sci. 59 1672 Google Scholar
[15]	Horanyi M 1996 Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34 383 Google Scholar
[16]	Rima J I, Daniel J, Luis A, Benjamin F, Monhammed A 2019 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 191 413 Google Scholar
[17]	Dzyaloshinskii IE, Lifshitz EM, Pitaevskii LP 1961 Adv. Phys. 10 165 Google Scholar
[18]	Hamed A, Geoffrey E, Roberto M A 2016 Powder Technol. 299 9 Google Scholar
[19]	Avijit K, Shuvojit P, Soumitro B, Banerjee A 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 115 123701 Google Scholar
[20]	Valmacco V, Elzbieciak-Wodka M, Besnard C, Maroni P, Trefalt G, Borkovec M 2016 Nanoscale Horiz. 1 325 Google Scholar
[21]	Holger G, Miltiadis V P 2017 Powder Technol. 322 185 Google Scholar
[22]	Javid M, Amin K M, Vahid A, Shokoufeh A, Matthew S 2019 J. Electrostat. 97 58 Google Scholar
[23]	Wang J, Wang X, Zhu T, Zhao Y 2018 J. Electrostat. 94 14 Google Scholar
[24]	Zhao Y, Fang J, Wang Y, Shen Y, Wang C 2019 Powder Technol. 357 33 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhu K, Rao S M, Huang H Q, Wang C H, Matsusaka S, Masuda H 2004 Chem. Eng. Sci. 59 3201 Google Scholar
[26]	Nein M E, Davis B 1991 Proc. SPIE 98 110 Google Scholar
[27]	Polizos G, Sharma J K, Smith D B, Tuncer E, Park J, Voylov D, Sololov A P, Meyer H M, Aman M 2018 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 188 255 Google Scholar
[28]	薛伟, 郑蓓蓉, 张淼, 解国新, 王权 2009 4 2518 Google Scholar Xue W, Zheng R R, Zhang M, Xie G X, Wang Q 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 4 2518 Google Scholar
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