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Due to its special optical properties the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) has been applied to many fields such as chemistry, biology, communication, nano energy. The more in-depth researches on plasmonic band structures can conduce to understanding more the properties of plasmonic micro- and nano-structures. In this review, we first introduce some metal structures which have plasmonic band structures. Then, we review some unique properties of plasmonic band structures including bound state in the continuum, waveguide, complete band gap, topology, etc. Based on the above properties, the plasmonic applications are introduced. Finally, we briefly introduce the band structures of graphene-based plasmonics and its applications.
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Keywords:
- surface plasmon /
- band structure /
- photonic crystal /
- graphene
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图 1 具有等离激元能带的结构示意图和扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)照片 (a), (b) 金属薄膜刻蚀周期性的孔洞[61]; (c), (d) 金属纳米颗粒周期性排列[62]; (e), (f) 金属表面覆盖介质光子晶体[63]; (g), (h) 金属表面覆盖自组装介质小球[64]
Fig. 1. Schematic views and SEM images of structures possessing plasmonic band structures: (a), (b) Metal films with periodic arrays of sub-wavelength holes[61]; (c), (d) periodic arrays of metal particles[62]; (e), (f) metallic substrate coated with dielectric photonic crystal[63]; (g), (h) metallic substrate coated with self-assembled dielectric spheres[64].
图 3 (a) 金属表面覆盖光子晶体的能带[63]; (b) 银光栅两侧覆盖介质层的透射光谱(左)和对应结构的介质层中的波导模式(实线)和银表面的SPP(虚线)的折叠能带(右)[67]
Fig. 3. (a) Plasmonic band structure of flat metallic substrates coated with two-dimensional dielectric photonic crystal layer[63]. (b) Left panel: transmission spectra of Ag grating coated symmetrically with dielectric layers; right panel: folded dispersion of guided (solid lines) and SPP (dashed lines) modes of Ag grating coated symmetrically with dielectric layers[67].
图 7 等离激元能带在光线以下的一些性质 (a) 导波[93]; (b) 全禁带[95]; (c) 狄拉克点[97,98]; (d) 负折射[96]; (e) 拓扑边界态[46]; (f) spoof SPP波导[99]
Fig. 7. Properties of plasmonic bands inside the light cone: (a) Wave guiding[93]; (b) complete band gap[95]; (c) Dirac point[97,98]; (d) negative refraction[96]; (e) topological edge state[46]; (f) spoof SPP waveguide[99].
图 8 等离激元的一些应用 (a) 光学异常透射[104]; (b) 利用“牛眼”结构实现光的汇聚[105]; (c) 结构色[106]; (d) 红外光的完美吸收器[108]; (e) 以银颗粒阵列为基底的分布式激光器[110]; (f) 基于金属棒阵列的氢气浓度探测器[112]; (g) 基于混合光子与等离激元晶体的传感器[64]; (h) 基于混合光子与等离激元晶体的荧光相干辐射[113]; (i)利用金属颗粒增强拉曼光谱[114]
Fig. 8. Applications of plasmonics: (a) Extraordinary optical transmission[104]; (b) beaming light with a bull’s eye structure[105]; (c) structural colors[106]; (d) infrared perfect absorber[108]; (e) distributed feedback laser based on silver particle array[110]; (f) hydrogen sensor based on metallic photonic crystal slabs[112]; (g) sensor based on hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystal[64]; (h) coherent fluorescence emission by hybrid photonic-plasmonic crystals[113]; (i) enhance Raman spectroscopy by using metal nanoparticles[114].
图 9 (a) 石墨烯等离激元色散[125]; (b) 石墨烯条的等离激元色散[129]; (c) 单层石墨烯周期性排布TM模式的能带[126]; (d) 石墨烯条周期性排布的能带[130]; (e) 石墨烯刻蚀六角晶格孔洞的能带[128]; (f) 石墨烯覆盖在一维介质光栅上的能带[125]
Fig. 9. (a) Dispersion of graphene-based plasmons[125]; (b) dispersion of graphene ribbon based plasmons[129]; (c) TM band structure for monolayer graphene sheet array[126]; (d) band structure for graphene ribbon array[130]; (e) band structure for graphene-based plasmonic crystal[128]; (f) band structure for one-dimensional dielectric grating coated with monolayer grapheme sheet[125].
图 10 石墨烯的一些应用 (a) 基于石墨烯SPP的太赫兹切伦科夫辐射[133]; (b) 基于周期性摆放的石墨烯圆盘的宽角度的全吸收[134]; (c) 在槽深逐渐变化的介质光栅上覆盖石墨烯, 实现光在特定位置的束缚与释放[136]; (d) 利用周期性摆放的石墨烯实现对光的分束与定向辐射[137]
Fig. 10. Applications of graphene-based plasmonic: (a) Cherenkov terahertz radiation viagraphene plasmons[133]; (b) complete absorption by periodic array of graphene nanodisks[134]; (c) slow and release light based on graphene plasmons[136]; (d) beam splitting and direction control of light based on monolayer graphene sheet array[137].
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