量子存储研究进展

窦建鹏; 李航; 庞晓玲; 张超妮; 杨天怀; 金贤敏

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190039

摘要

量子技术, 比如量子通信、量子计算, 具有经典技术所不具有的优势. 但是, 作为量子技术基本元素的量子态往往极为脆弱, 很容易受到外界环境的影响而丢失, 而且量子态的制造和量子操作往往是概率性的. 这种概率性使得远距离量子通信和大规模的量子计算很难实现, 除非有量子存储器将这些随机产生的量子态缓存并同步起来. 在过去的十几年中, 量子存储在各种各样的存储方案中得到了研究, 而且已经从最初的原理性演示逐步发展到了如今的近乎可实用化. 现如今, 量子存储领域追求的是可实用化, 而判断一个存储器是否可以实用化的基本标准是: 高存储效率、低噪音、长寿命(或者大的时间带宽积)和室温条件下运行. 通过介绍多个具有代表性的存储方案, 本文给出了量子存储领域的研究现状和发展趋势. 其中基于室温原子系综的宽带量子存储因其装置简单、实用性更强而广受关注. 但是由于噪音问题, 直到最近才在实验室中实现可工作在室温环境中的宽带FORD (far off-resonance Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller)量子存储和梯形量子存储. 本文对多种存储方案的工作原理、优缺点进行了介绍, 对FORD方案之所以能够成功进行了分析, 还对量子存储的降噪方法进行了总结.

关键词:

Abstract

Quantum technologies, for example, quantum communication and quantum computation, promise spectacular quantum enhanced advantages beyond what can be done classically. However, quantum states, as the element of quantum technologies, are very fragile and easily get lost to the environment, and meanwhile, their generation and quantum operations are mostly probabilistic. These problems make it exponentially hard to build long-distance quantum channels for quantum communication and large quantum systems for quantum computing. Quantum memory allows quantum states to be stored and retrieved in a programmable fashion, therefore providing an elegant solution to the probabilistic nature and associated limitation by coordinating asynchronous events. In the past decades, enormous advances in quantum memory have been made by developing various storage protocols and their physical implementations, and the quantum memory has gradually evolved from the initial conceptual demonstration to a nearly practical one. Aiming at being practicable for efficient synchronisation and physical scalability, an ideal quantum memory should meet several key features known as high efficiency, low noise level, large time bandwidth product (lifetime divided by pulse duration) and operating at room temperature. Here, we present the research status and development trends of this field by introducing some typical storage protocols. Among these protocols, a room-temperature broadband quantum memory is the most attractive due to its simplicity and practicability. However, at room temperature, noise becomes dominant and is a bottleneck problem that has impeded the realization of a real room-temperature broadband quantum memory in the last decades. Recently, the noise problem has been solved in two memory protocols, i.e. FORD (far off-resonance Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller) protocol and ORCA (off-resonant cascaded absorption) protocol. In this paper, the working principles, the merits and demerits of various quantum memory protocols are illustrated. Furthermore, the approaches to eliminating noise and the applications of quantum memory are summarized.

Keywords:

quantum memory /
quantum information /
far off-resonance Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller protocol /
room-temperature atoms

作者及机构信息

1.
上海交通大学, 物理与天文学院, 区域光纤通信网与新型光通信系统国家重点实验室, 上海　200240

2.
中国科学技术大学, 量子信息与量子物理协同创新中心, 合肥　230026

通信作者: 金贤敏, xianmin.jin@sjtu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2017YFA0303700)、国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11374211, 61734005, 11761141014, 11690033)、上海市科学技术委员会(批准号: 15QA1402200, 16JC1400405, 17JC1400403)、上海市教委(批准号: 16SG09, 2017-01-07-00-02-E00049)和国家青年千人计划资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

2.
Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Jin Xian-Min, xianmin.jin@sjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0303700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11374211, 61734005, 11761141014, 11690033), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, China (Grant Nos. 15QA1402200, 16JC1400405, 17JC1400403), the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, China (Grant Nos. 16SG09, 2017-01-07-00-02-E00049), and the National Young 1000 Talents Plan, China.

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Zoller P, Beth Th, Binosi D, Blatt R, Briegel H, Bruss D, Calarco T, Cirac J I, Deutsch D, Eisert J, Ekert A, Fabre C, Gisin N, Grangiere P, Grass M, Haroche S, Imamoglu A, Karlson A, Kempe J, Kouwenhoven L, Kröll S, Leuchs G, Lewenstein M, Loss D, Lütkenhaus N, Massar S, Mooij J E, Plenio M B, Polzik E, Popescu S, Rempe G, Sergienko A, Suter D, Twamley J, Wendin G, Werner R, Winter A, Wrachtrup J, Zeilinger A 2005 Eur. Phys. J. D 36 203 Google Scholar
[2]	O'Brien J L, Furusawa A, Vučković J 2009 Nat. Photon. 3 687 Google Scholar
[3]	Jin X M, Ren J G, Yang B, Yi Z H, Zhou F, Xu X F, Wang S K, Yang D, Hu Y F, Jiang S, Yang T, Yin H, Chen K, Peng C Z, Pan J W 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 376 Google Scholar
[4]	Gisin N, Thew R 2007 Nat. Photon. 1 165 Google Scholar
[5]	Ladd T D, Jelezko F, Laflamme R, Nakamura Y, Monroe C, O’Brien J L 2010 Nature 464 45 Google Scholar
[6]	Aspuru-Guzik A, Walther P 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 285 Google Scholar
[7]	Hau L V, Harris S E, Dutton Z, Behroozi C H 1999 Nature 397 594 Google Scholar
[8]	Liu C, Dutton Z, Behroozi C H, Hau L V 2001 Nature 409 490 Google Scholar
[9]	Phillips D F, Fleischhauer A, Mair A, Walsworth R L 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 783 Google Scholar
[10]	Wang L J, Kuzmich A, Dogariu A 2000 Nature 406 277 Google Scholar
[11]	Lvovsky A I, Sanders B C, Tittel W 2009 Nat. Photon. 3 706 Google Scholar
[12]	Hua Y L, Zhou Z Q, Li C F, Guo G C 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 020303 Google Scholar
[13]	Chanelière T, Matsukevich D N, Jenkins S D, Lan S Y, Kennedy T A B, Kuzmich A 2005 Nature 438 833 Google Scholar
[14]	Eisaman M D, André A, Massou F, Fleischhauer M, Zibrov A S, Lukin M D 2005 Nature 438 837 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang H, Jin X M, Yang J, Dai H N, Yang S J, Zhao T M, Rui J, He Y, Jiang X, Yang F, Pan G S, Yuan Z S, Deng Y J, Chen Z B, Bao X H, Chen S, Zhao B, Pan J W 2011 Nature Photon. 5 628 Google Scholar
[16]	Duan L M, Lukin M D, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2001 Nature 414 413 Google Scholar
[17]	Kuzmich A, Bowen W P, Boozer A D, Boca A, Chou C W, Duan L M, Kimble H J 2003 Nature 423 731 Google Scholar
[18]	Yang S J, Wang X J, Bao X H, Pan J W 2016 Nat. Photon. 10 381 Google Scholar
[19]	Chrapkiewicz R, Dᶐbrowski M, Wasilewski W 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 063603 Google Scholar
[20]	Julsgaard B, Kozhekin A, Polzik E S 2001 Nature 413 400 Google Scholar
[21]	Julsgaard B, Sherson J, Cirac J I, Fiuŕašek J, Polzik E S 2004 Nature 432 482 Google Scholar
[22]	Moiseev S A, Kröll S 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 173601 Google Scholar
[23]	Alexander A L, Longdell J J, Sellars M J, Manson N B 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 043602 Google Scholar
[24]	Afzelius M, Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 052329 Google Scholar
[25]	Reim K F, Nunn J, Jin X M, Michelberger P S, Champion T F M, England D G, Lee K C, Kolthammer W S, Langford N K, Walmsley I A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 263602 Google Scholar
[26]	Ding D S, Zhang W, Zhou Z Y, Shi S, Shi B S, Guo G C 2015 Nat. Photon. 9 332 Google Scholar
[27]	Kaczmarek K T, Ledingham P M, Brecht B, Thomas S E, Thekkadath G S, Lazo-Arjona O, Munns J H D, Poem E, Feizpour A, Saunders D J, Nunn J, Walmsley I A 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 042316 Google Scholar
[28]	Finkelstein R, Poem E, Michel O, Lahad O, Firstenberg O 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 8598 Google Scholar
[29]	Lee K C, Sprague M R, Sussman B J, Nunn J, Langford N K, Jin X M, Champion T, Michelberger P, Reim K F, England D, Jaksch D, Walmsley I A 2011 Science 334 1253 Google Scholar
[30]	England D G, Fisher K A G, MacLean J P W, Bustard P J, Lausten R, Resch K J, Sussman B J 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 053602 Google Scholar
[31]	Maurer P C, Kucsko G, Latta C, Jiang L, Yao N Y, Bennett S D, Pastawski F, Hunger D, Chisholm N, Markham M, Twitchen D J, Cirac J I, Lukin M D 2012 Science 336 1283 Google Scholar
[32]	Ghobadi R, Wein S, KavianiH, Barclay P, Simon C 2017 arXiv: 1711.02027 [quant-ph]
[33]	Zhong M, Hedges M P, Ahlefeldt R L, Bartholomew J G, Beavan S E, Wittig S M, Longdell J J, Sellars M J 2015 Nature 517 177 Google Scholar
[34]	Yano R, Mitsunaga M, Uesugi N 1991 Opt. Lett. 16 1884 Google Scholar
[35]	Tang J S, Zhou Z Q, Wang Y T, Li Y L, Liu X, Hua Y L, Zou Y, Wang S, He D Y, Chen G, Sun Y N, Yu Y, Li M F, Zha G W, Ni H Q, Niu Z C, Li C F, Guo G C 2015 Nature Commun. 6 8652 Google Scholar
[36]	Kaneda F, Xu F, Chapman J, Kwiat P G 2017 Optica 4 1034 Google Scholar
[37]	Pang X L, Yang A L, Dou J P, Li H, Zhang C N, Poem E, Saunders D J, Tang H, Nunn J, Walmsley I A, Jin X M 2018 arXiv: 1803.07122 [quant-ph]
[38]	Fleischhauer M, Lukin M D 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5094 Google Scholar
[39]	Hsiao Y F, Tsai P J, Chen H S, Lin S X, Hung C C, Lee C H, Chen Y H, Chen Y F, Yu I A, Chen Y C 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 183602 Google Scholar
[40]	Li J F, Wang Y F, Zhang S C, He J Y, Cheng A Q, Yan H, Zhu S L 2017 arXiv:1706.01404 [quant-ph]
[41]	Grosshans F, Grangier P 2001 Phys. Rev. A 64 010301 Google Scholar
[42]	Manz S, Fernholz T, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 040101 Google Scholar
[43]	Alkali D Line Data, Steck D A http://steck.us/alkalidata [2018-12-03]
[44]	Hétet G, Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Oblak D, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2008 Opt. Lett. 33 2323 Google Scholar
[45]	Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Hétet G, Longdell J J, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2009 Nature 461 241 Google Scholar
[46]	Cho Y W, Campbell G T, Everett J L, Bernu J, Higginbottom D B, Cao M T, Geng J, Robins N P, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2016 Optica 3 100 Google Scholar
[47]	Bashkansky M, Fatemi F K, Vurgaftman I 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 142 Google Scholar
[48]	Reim K F, Nunn J, Lorenz V O, Sussman B J, Lee K C, Langford N K, Jaksch D, Walmsley I A 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 218 Google Scholar
[49]	Sprague M R, Michelberger P S, Champion T F M, England D G, Nunn J, Jin X M, Kolthammer W S, Abdolvand A, Russell P St J, Walmsley I A 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 287 Google Scholar
[50]	Guo J X, Feng X T, Yang P Y, Yu Z F, Chen L Q, Yuan C H, Zhang W P 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 148 Google Scholar
[51]	Dou J P, Yang A L, Du M Y, Lao D, Gao J, Qiao L F, Li H, Pang X L, Feng Z, Tang H, Jin X M 2018 Commun. Phys. 1 55 Google Scholar
[52]	de Riedmatten H, Laurat J, Chou C W, Schomburg E W, Felinto D, Kimble H J 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 113603 Google Scholar
[53]	Chen S, Chen Y A, Zhao B, Yuan Z S, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 180505 Google Scholar
[54]	Bao X H, Reingruber A, Dietrich P, Rui J, Dück A, Strassel T, Li L, Liu N H, Zhao B, Pan J W 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 517 Google Scholar
[55]	Dou J P, Yang A L, Du M Y, Lao D, Li H, Pang X L, Gao J, Qiao L F, Tang H, Jin X M 2018 npj Quantum Information 4 31 Google Scholar
[56]	Zhao B, Chen Y A, Bao X H, Strassel T, Chuu C S, Jin X M, Schmiedmayer J, Yuan Z S, Chen S, Pan J W 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 95 Google Scholar
[57]	Novikova I, Phillips N B, Gorshkov A V 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 021802 Google Scholar
[58]	Nunn J, Thomas S, Munns J H D, Kaczmarek K T, Qiu C, Feizpour A, Poem E, Brecht B, Saunders D J, Ledingham P M, Reddy D V, Raymer M G, Walmsley I A 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 012338 Google Scholar
[59]	Saunders D J, Munns J H D, Champion T F M, Qiu C, Kaczmarek K T, Poem E, Ledingham P M, Walmsley I A, Nunn J 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 090501 Google Scholar
[60]	Guo J X, Chen L Q, Yang P Y, Li Z J, Wu Y, Feng X T, Yuan C H, Ou Z Y, Zhang W P 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 1752 Google Scholar
[61]	Radnaev A G, Dudin Y O, Zhao R, Jen H H, Jenkins S D, Kuzmich A, Kennedy T A B A 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 894 Google Scholar
[62]	Dudin Y O, Li L, Kuzmich A 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 031801 Google Scholar
[63]	Heinze G, Hubrich C, Halfmann T 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 033601 Google Scholar
[64]	Balabas M V, Karaulanov T, Ledbetter M P, Budker D 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 070801 Google Scholar
[65]	Zugenmaier M, Dideriksen K B, Spørensen A S, Albrecht B, Polzik E S 2018 Commun. Phys. 1 76 Google Scholar
[66]	Katz O, Firstenberg O 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2074 Google Scholar
[67]	Nunn J, Langford N K, Kolthammer W S, Champion T F M, Sprague M R, Michelberger P S, Jin X M, England D G, Walmsley I A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 133601 Google Scholar
[68]	Chen S, Chen Y A, Strassel T, Yuan Z S, Zhao B, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 173004 Google Scholar
[69]	Sangouard N, Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2011 Rev. Mod. Phys. 83 33 Google Scholar
[70]	Chen B, Qiu C, Chen S Y, Guo J X, Chen L Q, Ou Z Y, Zhang W P 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 043602 Google Scholar
[71]	Pan J W, Bouwmeester D, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3891 Google Scholar
[72]	Cabrillo C, Cirac J I, García-Fernández P, Zoller P 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 1025 Google Scholar
[73]	Duan L M, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 023818 Google Scholar
[74]	Gujarati T P, Wu Y K, Duan L M 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 033826 Google Scholar
[75]	Xu Z X, Wu Y L, Tian L, Chen L R, Zhang Z Y, Yan Z H, Li S J, Wang H, Xie C D, Peng K C 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 240503 Google Scholar
[76]	Yuan Z S, Chen Y A, Zhao B, Chen S, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2008 Nature 454 1098 Google Scholar
[77]	Bernien H, Hensen B, Pfaff W, Koolstra G, Blok M S, Robledo L, Taminiau T H, Markham M, Twitchen D J, Childress L, Hanson R 2013 Nature 497 86 Google Scholar
[78]	Jing B, Wang X J, Yu Y, Sun P F, Jiang Y, Yang S J, Jiang W H, Luo X Y, Zhang J, Jiang X, Bao X H, Pan J W 2019 Nat. Photon. 10.1038/s41566-018-0342-x
[79]	Pu Y F, Wu Y K, Jiang N, Chang W, Li C, Zhang S, Duan L M 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 3931 Google Scholar
[80]	Fröwis F, Strassmann P C, Tiranov A, Gut C, Lavoie J, Brunner N, Bussières F, Afzelius M, Gisin N 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 907 Google Scholar
[81]	Campbell G, Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2012 New J. Phys. 14 033022 Google Scholar
[82]	Wasilewski W, Jensen K, Krauter H, Renema J J, Balabas M V, Polzik E S 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 133601 Google Scholar
[83]	Biedermann G W, McGuinness H J, Rakholia A V, Jau Y Y, Wheeler D R, Sterk J D, Burns G R 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 163601 Google Scholar
[84]	Pezzè L, Smerzi A, Oberthaler M K, Schmied R, Treutlein P 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys. 90 035005 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 基于钕离子掺杂钒酸钇晶体的量子存储(单光子来源于另一个光学平台的量子点)^[35]

Fig. 1. Quantum memory based on a Nd³⁺:YVO₄ crystal^[35]. The single photons are emitted from a quantum dot on another optical table.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 基于冷原子EIT的量子存储(第一个磁光阱(MOT1)囚禁的雪茄型铷原子系综用来产生双光子对, 第二个磁光阱(MOT2)囚禁的铷原子系综作为量子存储器, 用来存储来自于MOT1的anti-Stokes光子)^[40]

Fig. 2. EIT quantum memory based on cold atoms^[40]. The rubidium atomic ensemble in the first cigar-shaped magneto-optical trap (MOT1) is used to generate photon pairs. The rubidium atomic ensemble in MOT2 acts as a quantum memory, and is used to store the anti-Stokes photons from MOT1.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 磁场GEM的原理图^[45]　(a) 三能级系统; (b) 沿z方向线性频移的原子系综; (c) 光脉冲将要存入频移了的原子系综; (d) 在$\tau $时刻, 频率梯度反转, 在2$\tau $时刻出现光子回波; (e) 主要光路; (f) 施加的梯度磁场B_z

Fig. 3. GEM schematic^[45]: (a) A three-level system; (b) an ensemble of atoms with linearly varying frequency shift in the z direction; (c) a pulse of light is stored in the frequency-shifted ensemble; (d) after reversal of the frequency gradient at time $\tau $, a photon echo emerges at time 2$\tau $; (e) the optical layout; (f) the applied magnetic field, B_z.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 远失谐拉曼存储　(a) 实验原理^[48]; (b) Λ型能级结构, 强的控制光(蓝线)激发出虚能级(黑色虚线), 并将信号光子(红线)耦合进铯原子系综或者将存储的信号光子读取出来^[48]; (c) 在空心光子晶体光纤中实现单光子量级的宽带光存储^[49]

Fig. 4. Far off-resonance Raman memory: (a) Principle of experiment^[48]; (b)$\Lambda $-type energy level; the strong control light (blue line) induces a virtual energy level (black dashed line), and couples (retrieve) the signal photons (read lines) into (from) the caesium atomic ensemble^[48]; (c) broadband single-photon-level memory in a hollow-core photonic crystal fibre^[49].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 基于非共振梯形吸收的量子存储^[27]　(a) 信号光子(蓝线)和控制光(橙线)反向传播; (b) 具体采用的铯原子能级, 其中6D_5/2是存储态; (c) 实验装置图

Fig. 5. Quantum memory protocol based on off-resonant cascaded absorption (ORCA)^[27]: (a) The weak input signal pulse (blue line) and strong control pulse (orange line) are counter-propagating; (b) the relevant caesium atomic levels, where the storage state is 6D_5/2; (c) the experimental setup.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 在实现宽带量子存储的历程中, 基于原子系综的量子存储的代表性工作^[51], 其中冷原子实验用黑色方块表示; 热原子实验用红色方块表示; ORCA表示梯形量子存储; FORD表示远失谐DLCZ量子存储

Fig. 6. Milestone works of quantum memory towards broadband and quantum regime in atomic ensemble^[51]. The quantum memory experiments in cold atoms are shown in black diamond. The quantum memory experiments in room-temperature atoms are shown in red diamond. ORCA: Quantum memory based on off-resonant cascaded absorption. FORD: Quantum memory based on far off-resonance DLCZ protocol.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 FORD存储方案的原理图^[51]　(a) 实验装置图, 其中铯池置于3层磁屏蔽筒内并被加热到61.3 ℃, WP代表沃拉斯顿棱镜; QWP代表四分之一波片; HWP代表二分之一波片; PBS为偏振分束器; (b) FORD存储的写过程; (c) 读过程

Fig. 7. Experimental principle^[51]. (a) Experimental setup. The caesium cell is packed in a three-layer magnetic shielding and is heated up to 61.3 ℃. WP, Wollaston prism; QWP, quarter-wave plate; HWP, half-wave plate; PBS, polarization beam splitter. (b) The write process of FORD quantum memory. (c) The read process.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 基于DLCZ方案建立纠缠的原理　(a) 一开始, 原子被制备在初态$\left| g \right\rangle $上, 然后写光与原子相互作用, 并以百分之几的概率产生Stokes光子; (b) 探测器1 (记为D1)和探测器2 (记为D2)探测到的光子有可能是来自于原子池A也有可能来自于原子池B, 在不能分辨Stokes光子是来源于原子池A还是B的前提下, 如果D1和D2两个探测器只有一个探测到光子且只探测到一个光子, 则原子池A和B之间存在纠缠; BS,光束分束器, 这里用的分束比是50 : 50; (c) 杨氏双缝干涉, 我们不能确定光子会从哪个狭缝通过

Fig. 8. Generation of entanglement based on DLCZ protocol. (a) Initially, the atoms are prepared in state $\left| g \right\rangle $. Then a write light interacts with atoms and generates a Stokes photon with a probability of a few percent. (b) The photons detected by the detector 1 (denoted by D1) and detector 2 (denoted by D2) may come from either the cell A or the cell B. If the two detectors (D1 and D2) detect only one photon, and one cannot distinguish whether the photon is from the cell A or cell B, then the entanglement between the cell A and cell B is established. BS: beam spliter with a splitting ratio of 50 : 50. (c) Young’s double slit experiment. We can not distinguish which slit the photon passes through.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 基于DLCZ 方案的纠缠交换　(a) 读取过程, 读光将存储态$\left| s \right\rangle $读出为anti-Stokes光子; (b) 纠缠交换, 一开始, 原子池A和B存在纠缠, 原子池C和D存在纠缠, 原子池B和C在读光作用下有一定概率产生anti-Stokes光子, 在不能分辨光子是来源于原子池B还是C的前提下, 如果 D1和D2两个探测器只有一个探测到光子且只探测到一个光子, 则原子池A和D之间会产生纠缠; 以此类推, 便可在距离很远的两个原子系综之间建立纠缠

Fig. 9. Entanglement swapping based on DLCZ protocol. The retrieval process. The read light retrieves the storage state $\left| s \right\rangle $ out as an anti-Stokes photon. (b) Entanglement swapping. Initially, cell A and B are entangled, cell C and D are entangled. Under the influence of read light, both the cell B and C will emit anti-Stokes photons with a certain probability. If the two detectors (D1 and D2) detect only one photon, and one can not distinguish whether the photon is from cell B or cell C, then the cell A and D are entangled. By analogy, one can establish an entanglement between two atomic ensembles separated by great distance.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 基于DLCZ方案的多光子同步, 其中在写光作用下, N个原子池随机产生Stokes光子(绿色圆)和与Stokes光子对应的集体激发态; 对每个原子池反复进行写操作, 直到产生Stokes光子为止; 当所有原子池都成功存储了集体激发态, 用读光将所有原子池内的集体激发态同时读取, 以产生N个时间上同步的anti-Stokes光子(蓝色圆)

Fig. 10. Multiphoton synchronization based on DLCZ protocol. N cells interacting with write light can stochastically generate Stokes photons (green circles) and collective excitations. Repeatedly write the cell until a Stokes photon is generated. When each of the cells successfully stores a collective excitation, turn on the read light and retrieve all of the collective excitations out as N synchronous anti-Stokes photons (blue circles).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 各种基于原子系综的具有代表性的量子存储器及其重要参数^[51]

Table 1. Milestone works on quantum memory in atomic ensemble and key figures of merit^[51].

	具有代表性的工作	存储方案	存储器温度	互关联函数g⁽²⁾	带宽	时间带宽积
1	Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 083601 (2013)	EIT	300 μK	≤2	<5 MHz	74
2	Nature 438 837 (2005)	EIT	303—320 K	2—3	~1 MHz	~1
3	Nature 438 833 (2005)	EIT	~100 μK	8.5	12 MHz	120
4	Nat. Photon. 5 628 (2011)	EIT	~100 μK	10	5.5 MHz	13
5	Phys. Rev. A 75 040101 (2007)	DLCZ	333 K	1.3	1 MHz	NA
6	Nat. Phys. 5 95 (2009)	DLCZ	100 μK	37	<10 MHz	<10000
7	Opt. Lett. 37 142 (2012)	DLCZ	310 K	4	1 MHz	5
8	Nat. Photon. 10 381 (2016)	DLCZ	~100 μK	~37	<10 MHz	<2200000
9	Nature 461 241 (2009)	GEM	300K	≤2	1 MHz	NA
10	Nat. Commun. 174 (2011)	GEM	351 K	≤2	~1 MHz	≤10
11	Optica 3 100 (2016)	GEM	100 μK	≤2	<10 MHz	84
12	Nat. Photon. 4 218 (2010)	Far off-resonance Raman	335.5 K	≤2	1.5 GHz	18
13	Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 053603 (2011)	Far off-resonance Raman	335.5 K	≤2	1.5 GHz	2250
14	Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 090501 (2016)	Far off-resonance Raman	343 K	≤2	1 GHz	95
15	Nat. Photon. 9 332 (2015)	Raman memory	~100 μK	13.6	140 MHz	200
16	Nature 432 482 (2004)	Off-resonant Faraday interaction	300 K	≤2	NA	NA
17	Phys. Rev. A 97 042316 (2018)	Off-resonant cascaded absorption (ORCA)	364 K	120	1 GHz	5
18	Commun. Phys. 1 55 (2018)	Far off-resonance DLCZ (FORD)	334 K	28	537 MHz	700

下载: 导出CSV

map

[1]	Zoller P, Beth Th, Binosi D, Blatt R, Briegel H, Bruss D, Calarco T, Cirac J I, Deutsch D, Eisert J, Ekert A, Fabre C, Gisin N, Grangiere P, Grass M, Haroche S, Imamoglu A, Karlson A, Kempe J, Kouwenhoven L, Kröll S, Leuchs G, Lewenstein M, Loss D, Lütkenhaus N, Massar S, Mooij J E, Plenio M B, Polzik E, Popescu S, Rempe G, Sergienko A, Suter D, Twamley J, Wendin G, Werner R, Winter A, Wrachtrup J, Zeilinger A 2005 Eur. Phys. J. D 36 203 Google Scholar
[2]	O'Brien J L, Furusawa A, Vučković J 2009 Nat. Photon. 3 687 Google Scholar
[3]	Jin X M, Ren J G, Yang B, Yi Z H, Zhou F, Xu X F, Wang S K, Yang D, Hu Y F, Jiang S, Yang T, Yin H, Chen K, Peng C Z, Pan J W 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 376 Google Scholar
[4]	Gisin N, Thew R 2007 Nat. Photon. 1 165 Google Scholar
[5]	Ladd T D, Jelezko F, Laflamme R, Nakamura Y, Monroe C, O’Brien J L 2010 Nature 464 45 Google Scholar
[6]	Aspuru-Guzik A, Walther P 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 285 Google Scholar
[7]	Hau L V, Harris S E, Dutton Z, Behroozi C H 1999 Nature 397 594 Google Scholar
[8]	Liu C, Dutton Z, Behroozi C H, Hau L V 2001 Nature 409 490 Google Scholar
[9]	Phillips D F, Fleischhauer A, Mair A, Walsworth R L 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 783 Google Scholar
[10]	Wang L J, Kuzmich A, Dogariu A 2000 Nature 406 277 Google Scholar
[11]	Lvovsky A I, Sanders B C, Tittel W 2009 Nat. Photon. 3 706 Google Scholar
[12]	Hua Y L, Zhou Z Q, Li C F, Guo G C 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 020303 Google Scholar
[13]	Chanelière T, Matsukevich D N, Jenkins S D, Lan S Y, Kennedy T A B, Kuzmich A 2005 Nature 438 833 Google Scholar
[14]	Eisaman M D, André A, Massou F, Fleischhauer M, Zibrov A S, Lukin M D 2005 Nature 438 837 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang H, Jin X M, Yang J, Dai H N, Yang S J, Zhao T M, Rui J, He Y, Jiang X, Yang F, Pan G S, Yuan Z S, Deng Y J, Chen Z B, Bao X H, Chen S, Zhao B, Pan J W 2011 Nature Photon. 5 628 Google Scholar
[16]	Duan L M, Lukin M D, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2001 Nature 414 413 Google Scholar
[17]	Kuzmich A, Bowen W P, Boozer A D, Boca A, Chou C W, Duan L M, Kimble H J 2003 Nature 423 731 Google Scholar
[18]	Yang S J, Wang X J, Bao X H, Pan J W 2016 Nat. Photon. 10 381 Google Scholar
[19]	Chrapkiewicz R, Dᶐbrowski M, Wasilewski W 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 063603 Google Scholar
[20]	Julsgaard B, Kozhekin A, Polzik E S 2001 Nature 413 400 Google Scholar
[21]	Julsgaard B, Sherson J, Cirac J I, Fiuŕašek J, Polzik E S 2004 Nature 432 482 Google Scholar
[22]	Moiseev S A, Kröll S 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 173601 Google Scholar
[23]	Alexander A L, Longdell J J, Sellars M J, Manson N B 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 043602 Google Scholar
[24]	Afzelius M, Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 052329 Google Scholar
[25]	Reim K F, Nunn J, Jin X M, Michelberger P S, Champion T F M, England D G, Lee K C, Kolthammer W S, Langford N K, Walmsley I A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 263602 Google Scholar
[26]	Ding D S, Zhang W, Zhou Z Y, Shi S, Shi B S, Guo G C 2015 Nat. Photon. 9 332 Google Scholar
[27]	Kaczmarek K T, Ledingham P M, Brecht B, Thomas S E, Thekkadath G S, Lazo-Arjona O, Munns J H D, Poem E, Feizpour A, Saunders D J, Nunn J, Walmsley I A 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 042316 Google Scholar
[28]	Finkelstein R, Poem E, Michel O, Lahad O, Firstenberg O 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 8598 Google Scholar
[29]	Lee K C, Sprague M R, Sussman B J, Nunn J, Langford N K, Jin X M, Champion T, Michelberger P, Reim K F, England D, Jaksch D, Walmsley I A 2011 Science 334 1253 Google Scholar
[30]	England D G, Fisher K A G, MacLean J P W, Bustard P J, Lausten R, Resch K J, Sussman B J 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 053602 Google Scholar
[31]	Maurer P C, Kucsko G, Latta C, Jiang L, Yao N Y, Bennett S D, Pastawski F, Hunger D, Chisholm N, Markham M, Twitchen D J, Cirac J I, Lukin M D 2012 Science 336 1283 Google Scholar
[32]	Ghobadi R, Wein S, KavianiH, Barclay P, Simon C 2017 arXiv: 1711.02027 [quant-ph]
[33]	Zhong M, Hedges M P, Ahlefeldt R L, Bartholomew J G, Beavan S E, Wittig S M, Longdell J J, Sellars M J 2015 Nature 517 177 Google Scholar
[34]	Yano R, Mitsunaga M, Uesugi N 1991 Opt. Lett. 16 1884 Google Scholar
[35]	Tang J S, Zhou Z Q, Wang Y T, Li Y L, Liu X, Hua Y L, Zou Y, Wang S, He D Y, Chen G, Sun Y N, Yu Y, Li M F, Zha G W, Ni H Q, Niu Z C, Li C F, Guo G C 2015 Nature Commun. 6 8652 Google Scholar
[36]	Kaneda F, Xu F, Chapman J, Kwiat P G 2017 Optica 4 1034 Google Scholar
[37]	Pang X L, Yang A L, Dou J P, Li H, Zhang C N, Poem E, Saunders D J, Tang H, Nunn J, Walmsley I A, Jin X M 2018 arXiv: 1803.07122 [quant-ph]
[38]	Fleischhauer M, Lukin M D 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5094 Google Scholar
[39]	Hsiao Y F, Tsai P J, Chen H S, Lin S X, Hung C C, Lee C H, Chen Y H, Chen Y F, Yu I A, Chen Y C 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 183602 Google Scholar
[40]	Li J F, Wang Y F, Zhang S C, He J Y, Cheng A Q, Yan H, Zhu S L 2017 arXiv:1706.01404 [quant-ph]
[41]	Grosshans F, Grangier P 2001 Phys. Rev. A 64 010301 Google Scholar
[42]	Manz S, Fernholz T, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 040101 Google Scholar
[43]	Alkali D Line Data, Steck D A http://steck.us/alkalidata [2018-12-03]
[44]	Hétet G, Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Oblak D, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2008 Opt. Lett. 33 2323 Google Scholar
[45]	Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Hétet G, Longdell J J, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2009 Nature 461 241 Google Scholar
[46]	Cho Y W, Campbell G T, Everett J L, Bernu J, Higginbottom D B, Cao M T, Geng J, Robins N P, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2016 Optica 3 100 Google Scholar
[47]	Bashkansky M, Fatemi F K, Vurgaftman I 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 142 Google Scholar
[48]	Reim K F, Nunn J, Lorenz V O, Sussman B J, Lee K C, Langford N K, Jaksch D, Walmsley I A 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 218 Google Scholar
[49]	Sprague M R, Michelberger P S, Champion T F M, England D G, Nunn J, Jin X M, Kolthammer W S, Abdolvand A, Russell P St J, Walmsley I A 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 287 Google Scholar
[50]	Guo J X, Feng X T, Yang P Y, Yu Z F, Chen L Q, Yuan C H, Zhang W P 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 148 Google Scholar
[51]	Dou J P, Yang A L, Du M Y, Lao D, Gao J, Qiao L F, Li H, Pang X L, Feng Z, Tang H, Jin X M 2018 Commun. Phys. 1 55 Google Scholar
[52]	de Riedmatten H, Laurat J, Chou C W, Schomburg E W, Felinto D, Kimble H J 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 113603 Google Scholar
[53]	Chen S, Chen Y A, Zhao B, Yuan Z S, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 180505 Google Scholar
[54]	Bao X H, Reingruber A, Dietrich P, Rui J, Dück A, Strassel T, Li L, Liu N H, Zhao B, Pan J W 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 517 Google Scholar
[55]	Dou J P, Yang A L, Du M Y, Lao D, Li H, Pang X L, Gao J, Qiao L F, Tang H, Jin X M 2018 npj Quantum Information 4 31 Google Scholar
[56]	Zhao B, Chen Y A, Bao X H, Strassel T, Chuu C S, Jin X M, Schmiedmayer J, Yuan Z S, Chen S, Pan J W 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 95 Google Scholar
[57]	Novikova I, Phillips N B, Gorshkov A V 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 021802 Google Scholar
[58]	Nunn J, Thomas S, Munns J H D, Kaczmarek K T, Qiu C, Feizpour A, Poem E, Brecht B, Saunders D J, Ledingham P M, Reddy D V, Raymer M G, Walmsley I A 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 012338 Google Scholar
[59]	Saunders D J, Munns J H D, Champion T F M, Qiu C, Kaczmarek K T, Poem E, Ledingham P M, Walmsley I A, Nunn J 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 090501 Google Scholar
[60]	Guo J X, Chen L Q, Yang P Y, Li Z J, Wu Y, Feng X T, Yuan C H, Ou Z Y, Zhang W P 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 1752 Google Scholar
[61]	Radnaev A G, Dudin Y O, Zhao R, Jen H H, Jenkins S D, Kuzmich A, Kennedy T A B A 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 894 Google Scholar
[62]	Dudin Y O, Li L, Kuzmich A 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 031801 Google Scholar
[63]	Heinze G, Hubrich C, Halfmann T 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 033601 Google Scholar
[64]	Balabas M V, Karaulanov T, Ledbetter M P, Budker D 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 070801 Google Scholar
[65]	Zugenmaier M, Dideriksen K B, Spørensen A S, Albrecht B, Polzik E S 2018 Commun. Phys. 1 76 Google Scholar
[66]	Katz O, Firstenberg O 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2074 Google Scholar
[67]	Nunn J, Langford N K, Kolthammer W S, Champion T F M, Sprague M R, Michelberger P S, Jin X M, England D G, Walmsley I A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 133601 Google Scholar
[68]	Chen S, Chen Y A, Strassel T, Yuan Z S, Zhao B, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 173004 Google Scholar
[69]	Sangouard N, Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2011 Rev. Mod. Phys. 83 33 Google Scholar
[70]	Chen B, Qiu C, Chen S Y, Guo J X, Chen L Q, Ou Z Y, Zhang W P 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 043602 Google Scholar
[71]	Pan J W, Bouwmeester D, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3891 Google Scholar
[72]	Cabrillo C, Cirac J I, García-Fernández P, Zoller P 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 1025 Google Scholar
[73]	Duan L M, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2002 Phys. Rev. A 66 023818 Google Scholar
[74]	Gujarati T P, Wu Y K, Duan L M 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 033826 Google Scholar
[75]	Xu Z X, Wu Y L, Tian L, Chen L R, Zhang Z Y, Yan Z H, Li S J, Wang H, Xie C D, Peng K C 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 240503 Google Scholar
[76]	Yuan Z S, Chen Y A, Zhao B, Chen S, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2008 Nature 454 1098 Google Scholar
[77]	Bernien H, Hensen B, Pfaff W, Koolstra G, Blok M S, Robledo L, Taminiau T H, Markham M, Twitchen D J, Childress L, Hanson R 2013 Nature 497 86 Google Scholar
[78]	Jing B, Wang X J, Yu Y, Sun P F, Jiang Y, Yang S J, Jiang W H, Luo X Y, Zhang J, Jiang X, Bao X H, Pan J W 2019 Nat. Photon. 10.1038/s41566-018-0342-x
[79]	Pu Y F, Wu Y K, Jiang N, Chang W, Li C, Zhang S, Duan L M 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 3931 Google Scholar
[80]	Fröwis F, Strassmann P C, Tiranov A, Gut C, Lavoie J, Brunner N, Bussières F, Afzelius M, Gisin N 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 907 Google Scholar
[81]	Campbell G, Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2012 New J. Phys. 14 033022 Google Scholar
[82]	Wasilewski W, Jensen K, Krauter H, Renema J J, Balabas M V, Polzik E S 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 133601 Google Scholar
[83]	Biedermann G W, McGuinness H J, Rakholia A V, Jau Y Y, Wheeler D R, Sterk J D, Burns G R 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 163601 Google Scholar
[84]	Pezzè L, Smerzi A, Oberthaler M K, Schmied R, Treutlein P 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys. 90 035005 Google Scholar

[1]	肖懿鑫, 朱天翔, 梁澎军, 王奕洋, 周宗权, 李传锋. 聚焦离子束加工的硅酸钇波导中铕离子的光学与超精细跃迁. , 2024, 73(22): 220303. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20241070
[2]	王云飞, 周颖, 王英, 颜辉, 朱诗亮. 量子存储性能及应用分析. , 2023, 72(20): 206701. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20231203
[3]	周宗权. 量子存储式量子计算机与无噪声光子回波. , 2022, 71(7): 070305. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20212245
[4]	邢雪燕, 李霞霞, 陈宇辉, 张向东. 基于光子晶体微腔的回波光量子存储. , 2022, 71(11): 114201. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220083
[5]	周湃, 李霞霞, 邢雪燕, 陈宇辉, 张向东. 基于掺铒晶体的光量子存储和调控. , 2022, 71(6): 064203. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20211803
[6]	汪野, 张静宁, 金奇奂. 相干时间超过10 min的单离子量子比特. , 2019, 68(3): 030306. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20181729
[7]	杨天书, 周宗权, 李传锋, 郭光灿. 多模式固态量子存储. , 2019, 68(3): 030303. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20182207
[8]	史保森, 丁冬生, 张伟, 李恩泽. 基于拉曼协议的量子存储. , 2019, 68(3): 034203. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20182215
[9]	李明, 陈阳, 郭光灿, 任希锋. 表面等离激元量子信息应用研究进展. , 2017, 66(14): 144202. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.144202
[10]	邓瑞婕, 闫智辉, 贾晓军. 基于电磁诱导透明机制的压缩光场量子存储. , 2017, 66(7): 074201. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.074201
[11]	孙颖, 赵尚弘, 东晨. 基于量子存储的长距离测量设备无关量子密钥分配研究. , 2015, 64(14): 140304. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.140304
[12]	李卓, 邢莉娟. 差错基、量子码与群代数. , 2013, 62(13): 130306. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.130306
[13]	邢莉娟, 李卓, 张武军. 加强的量子汉明限. , 2011, 60(5): 050304. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.050304
[14]	王云江, 白宝明, 王新梅. 量子稀疏图码的反馈式迭代译码. , 2010, 59(11): 7591-7595. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.7591
[15]	尹辑文, 肖景林, 于毅夫, 王子武. 库仑势对抛物量子点量子比特消相干的影响. , 2008, 57(5): 2695-2698. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.2695
[16]	李卓, 邢莉娟. 量子Generalized Reed-Solomon码. , 2008, 57(1): 28-30. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.28
[17]	邢莉娟, 李卓, 白宝明, 王新梅. 量子卷积码的编译码方法. , 2008, 57(8): 4695-4699. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.4695
[18]	李卓, 邢莉娟. 一类基于级联结构的量子好码. , 2007, 56(10): 5602-5606. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.5602
[19]	张权, 唐朝京, 张森强. B92量子密钥分配协议的变形及其无条件安全性证明. , 2002, 51(7): 1439-1447. doi: 10.7498/aps.51.1439
[20]	张权, 唐朝京, 高峰. 量子Turbo码. , 2002, 51(1): 15-20. doi: 10.7498/aps.51.15

计量

文章访问数: 26869
PDF下载量: 1123
被引次数: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

搜索

留言板