量子等离激元光子学在若干方向的最新进展

徐飞翔; 李晓光; 张振宇

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190331

摘要

等离激元光子学是围绕表面等离激元的原理和应用的学科, 是纳米光学的重要组成部分. 表面等离激元的本质是局域在材料界面纳米尺度内的多电子元激发. 这一元激发可以与电磁场强烈耦合, 使得我们可以通过纳米尺度结构接收, 调控和辐射微米尺度光信息, 并由此衍生出等离激元光子学的诸多应用. 近年来, 随着纳米加工尺度逼近量子极限, 等离激元的量子特性受到了广泛关注. 量子尺度的等离激元承接电子的波动性和光的粒子性, 以其独特的內禀属性, 在量子信息、高效光电器件、高灵敏探测等方面表现出十分诱人的前景. 本综述重点介绍量子等离激元近年来的发展现状, 回顾相关理论的发展以及与等离激元量子特性相关的一些突破性成果. 最后对量子等离激元未来的发展进行了展望.

关键词:

Abstract

Plasmonics, focusing on the fundamental researches and novel applications of plasmons, has rapidly developed as an important branch of nano-optics in recent years. Essentially, surface plasmons are highly localized collective electron excitation at a metal-dielectric interface. This elementary excitation can be strongly coupled with electromagnetic fields, which enable one to collect, manipulate, and emit micron-scale optical signals through using nano-scale structures. Recently, the quantum properties of plasmons have received tremendous attention as nanofabrication techniques approach to the quantum limit. On this scale, with the unique intrinsic properties of plasmons, i.e. the particle-like nature of photons and wave-like nature of electrons, quantum plasmonics exhibits very attractive prospects in quantum information, high-efficiency optoelectronic devices, and highly sensitive detection, etc. Here in this paper, we review the development of quantum plasmonics in recent years, by introducing the research progress of relevant theories and the experimental breakthroughes. Some perspectives of the future development of quantum plasmonics are also outlined.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
深圳大学高等研究院, 深圳　518060

2.
中国科学技术大学, 合肥微尺度物质科学国家实验室, 国际功能材料量子设计中心, 合肥　230026

通信作者: 李晓光, xgli@szu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11874268)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

2.
International Centre for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Synergetic Innovation Centre of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Li Xiao-Guang, xgli@szu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11874268).

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施引文献

图 1 纳米间隙　(a) (Ag_n)₂二聚物的静态极化率${\alpha _{zz}}$与间隙S的关系; (b) 在(Ag₁₈)_2,t-t二聚物中转移电荷Q与S的函数^[19]; (c) 利用TDLDA计算(点)与经典电磁场计算(线)二聚体等离激元能; (d) 三种体系中的等离激元相互作用; 随着腔宽度d的减小, 从模拟的近场分布中提取的每种模式的横向限制宽度w^[18]

Fig. 1. Field in nano gap: (a) Static polarizability ${\alpha _{zz}}$ of ${\left( {{\rm{A}}{{\rm{g}}_n}} \right)_2}$ dimer as a function of gap size S; (b) transferred charge Q as a function of S in ${\left( {{\rm{A}}{{\rm{g}}_{18}}} \right)}$_2,t-t ; (c) comparison between TDLDA results (dots) and classical results (lines) for the plasmon energy of the dimer; (d) plasmonic interactions within the three regimes; the lateral confinement width w of each mode, extracted from the simulated near-field distribution, as the cavity width d is reduced^[18].

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图 2 TERS光谱分析　(a) TERS设置的示意图; (b) Ag(111)上单层H₂TBPP分子的STM图谱; (c) 不同位置或条件下TERS光谱^[60]

Fig. 2. TERS spectra: (a) Schematic setup of the TERS; (b) STM topograph of H₂TBPP molecules monolayer on Ag(111); (c) TERS spectra at different positions or conditions^[60]

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图 3 混合系统在不同耦合强度${V_{\rm{c}}}$和${V_{\rm{p}}}$下光谱特征的理论计算　(a), (c)固定${V_{\rm{p}}}$时不同${V_{\rm{c}}}$的吸收光谱; (b), (d) 固定${V_{\rm{c}}}$时不同${V_{\rm{p}}}$的吸收光谱^[48]

Fig. 3. Theoretically calculated spectral features of the hybrid systems at different coupling strengths ${V_{\rm{c}}}$ and ${V_{\rm{p}}}$: The absorption spectra at (a), (c) different ${V_{\rm{c}}}$ with a fixed ${V_{\rm{p}}}$ and (b), (d) different ${V_{\rm{p}}}$ with a fixed ${V_{\rm{c}}}$^[48]

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图 4 等离激元激发增强量子相干的机制: 石墨烯中电子-电子散射的示意图　(a) 无等离激元激发; (b) 存在等离激元激发^[20]

Fig. 4. The mechanism of plasmon-enhanced quantum coherence: Schematic of electron-electron scattering with (a) and without (b) plasmon excitation^[20]

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图 5 等离激元回路　(a), (b) 由级联OR和NOT门构建的NOR逻辑门示意图及设计的Ag NW结构的光学图像^[9]; (c), (d) 由三个PDBS (polarization dependent beam-splitters)组成的简化CNOT门(controlled-NOT gate)示意图

Fig. 5. Plasmonic circuits: (a) Schematic illustration of logic gate NOR built by cascaded OR and NOT gates; (b) optical image of the designed Ag NW structure^[9]; (c), (d) schematic of the simplified CNOT gate composed of three PDBSs

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图 6 等离激元激光器设计进展　(a) 混合纳米颗粒结构图; (b) 金核的透射电镜图像^[10]; (c) 等离激元激光器的结构示意图; (d) 发生激射时的电场分布^[11]; (e), (f) 等离激元激光器的结构示意图^[85]

Fig. 6. Spaser design: (a) Diagram of the hybrid nanoparticle architecture; (b) transmission electron microscope image of Au core^[10]; (c) schematic of the plasmonic laser; (d) the stimulated electric field distribution at laser frequency^[11]; (e), (f) schematic of the plasmonic laser^[85]

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图 7 超快室温单光子发射源　(a) 在银纳米管和金膜间隙中的单个胶体量子点图示; (b) 嵌入纳米腔中的单个量子点的横截面示意图; (c) 随机定向偶极子的自发辐射率相对于自由空间率的模拟增强^[94]

Fig. 7. Ultrafast room-temperature single photon emission: (a) Illustration of a single colloidal QD in the gap between a silver nanocube and a gold film; (b) cross-sectional schematic of a single QD embedded in the nanocavity; (c) simulated enhancement in the spontaneous emission rate relative to the free space rate^[94]

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图 8 金属-半导体电荷分离路径　(a) PHET机制, 其中金属中的光激发等离激元通过朗道阻尼衰变为热电子-空穴对, 然后将热电子注入半导体导带; (b) 金属中电子通过DICTT路径直接进入半导体导带的光激发; (c) PICTT机制, 等离激元通过直接在半导体导带中产生电子和在金属中形成空穴而衰变^[107]

Fig. 8. Metal-to-semiconductor charge-separation pathways: (a) The PHET mechanism, in which a photoexcited plasmon decays into a hot electron-hole pair through Landau damping, followed by injection of the hot electron into the CB of the semiconductor; (b) optical excitation of an electron in the metal directly into the CB of the semiconductor through the DICTT pathway; (c) the PICTT pathway, where the plasmon decays by directly creating an electron in the CB of the semiconductor and a hole in the metal^[107]

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图 9 二维材料与等离激元光子学　(a) 扫描近场测量示意图; (b) 一种潜在的等离激元反射的可调谐性^[112]; (c) 利用硅针尖获得的典型近场振幅图像, 红线显示了相应的等离激元振荡行为; (d)观测结果的理论拟合, 浅蓝色点是实验结果, 黑色实线代表理论拟合, 包括不同激发对振幅的贡献^[113]; (e) 使用二维原子晶体探针探测定向等离激元增强; (f) 纳米腔体系的拉曼散射光谱^[116]

Fig. 9. Plasmonics in two-dimensional materials: (a) Schematic of the scanning near-field measurements; (b)tunability of plasmon reflection at a potential step^[112]; (c) typical near-field amplitude image obtained utilizing a silicon tip, the red line profile shows the corresponding oscillating behavior; (d) theoretical fitting of the observed profile, the light blue points are the experimental results, and the black solid line represents the theoretical fitting, which includes the contributions from the different excitations^[113]; (e) probing directional plasmonic enhancements using a two-dimensional atomic crystal probe; (f) Raman scattering spectra of the nanocavity system^[116]

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